How Did the Call to Islam Begin?
كيف بدأت الدعوة إلى الإسلام؟
The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) received his commands from Allah Almighty:
(O you covered up ˹in your clothes˺! Arise and warn ˹all˺. Revere your Lord ˹alone˺. Purify your garments. ˹Continue to˺ shun idols. Do not do a favour expecting more ˹in return˺. And persevere for ˹the sake of˺ your Lord.) (Surah Al-Mudaththir 74:1-7)
The purpose of the warning is to leave no one but to warn him, to order him to worship Allah Alone and to believe in the last day, to call him to purify himself and to abandon anything that will cause it to suffer.
تلقى الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم أوامر عديدة من الله في قوله تعالى:(يا أيها المدثر* قم فأنذر* وربك فكبر* وثيابك فطهر* والرجز فاهجر* ولا تمنن تستكثر* ولربك فاصبر) (المدثر: 1-7).
فغاية القيام بالإنذار أن لا يترك أحدا إلا وينذره ويأمره بتوحيد الله والإيمان باليوم الآخر ويأمره بتزكية نفسه ويترك ما يدنسها ويشقيها
1. The Divine Imperative: "Arise and Warn!" | التكليف الإلهي بالنهوض: "يا أيها المدثر قم فأنذر"
With the opening verses of Surah Al-Muddaththir the mission began: "O you covered up ˹in your clothes˺! Arise and warn ˹all˺. Revere your Lord ˹alone˺. Purify your garments. ˹Continue to˺ shun idols" (74:1-5). The scholar explains that the aim of warning is to leave no one unwarned: to call each person to worship Allah alone and believe in the Last Day, and to purify himself and give up what defiles him.
يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُدَّثِّرُ قُمْ فَأَنذِرْ وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ (سورة المدثر: 1-3)
بنزول أوائل سورة المدثر بدأ التكليف بالدعوة: (يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُدَّثِّرُ * قُمْ فَأَنذِرْ * وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ * وَثِيَابَكَ فَطَهِّرْ * وَالرُّجْزَ فَاهْجُرْ)، ويبين الشيخ أن غاية القيام بالإنذار ألا يترك أحدا إلا وينذره، ويأمره بتوحيد الله والإيمان باليوم الآخر، وبتزكية نفسه وترك ما يدنسها.
2. The Private Call (Ad-Da'wah as-Sirriyyah) | مرحلة الدعوة السرية وبناء الرعيل الأول
In his answer on the Meccan period the scholar gives three years of private calling. The first to believe were Khadijah, Abu Bakr, Ali and Zayd ibn Harithah (may Allah be pleased with them), as Ibn Kathir records, and Ibn Kathir notes that the Prophet ﷺ kept out of sight in the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam at al-Safa.
يذكر الشيخ في جوابه عن مراحل العهد المكي أن الدعوة السرية دامت ثلاث سنوات، وكان أول من آمن خديجة وأبو بكر وعلي وزيد بن حارثة كما ذكر ابن كثير، وذكر ابن كثير أن النبي ﷺ كان مستخفيا في دار الأرقم بن أبي الأرقم عند الصفا.
3. Warning Close Kin: Gathering on Mount Safa | إنذار العشيرة الأقربين والصدع على جبل الصفا
Then came "And warn ˹all, starting with˺ your closest relatives" (26:214). Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) reports that the Prophet ﷺ climbed al-Safa and called out to the clans of Quraysh, Banu Fihr, Banu Adi and the rest, until they gathered. He asked whether they would believe him if he told them horsemen in the valley were about to attack them; they said yes, they had only known him to be truthful. He said: "Then I am a warner to you before a severe punishment." Abu Lahab answered: "May you perish for the rest of the day! Is this what you gathered us for?" (Sahih al-Bukhari 4770).
وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ (سورة الشعراء: 214)
ثم نزل قوله تعالى: (وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ)، فصعد النبي ﷺ الصفا فجعل ينادي: «يا بني فهر، يا بني عدي» لبطون قريش حتى اجتمعوا، فقال: «أرأيتكم لو أخبرتكم أن خيلا بالوادي تريد أن تغير عليكم أكنتم مصدقي؟» قالوا: نعم، ما جربنا عليك إلا صدقا، قال: «فإني نذير لكم بين يدي عذاب شديد»، فقال أبو لهب: تبا لك سائر اليوم، ألهذا جمعتنا؟ (صحيح البخاري 4770).
4. Proclaiming the Truth Publicly | مرحلة الجهر الشامل والصدع بأمر الله
Then Allah commanded: "So proclaim what you have been commanded, and turn away from the polytheists" (15:94). Ibn Kathir explains it as conveying the message openly and facing the polytheists with it, and reports from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him): "The Prophet kept out of sight until ‘So proclaim what you have been commanded’ was revealed; then he and his Companions came out."
فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (سورة الحجر: 94)
ثم أمره الله تعالى: (فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ)، قال ابن كثير: آمرا رسوله بإبلاغ ما بعثه به وبإنفاذه والصدع به، وهو مواجهة المشركين به، ونقل عن عبد الله بن مسعود: ما زال النبي ﷺ مستخفيا حتى نزلت: (فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ) فخرج هو وأصحابه.
Scholarly Insight: Amr ibn Abasah recounts an early meeting (Sahih Muslim 832): “I heard of a man in Mecca who was conveying reports. I mounted my riding animal and came to him. The Messenger of Allah was keeping out of sight, and his people were hostile toward him. I approached carefully until I entered his presence in Mecca.” Asked about his mission, the Prophet ﷺ said: “He sent me to maintain ties of kinship, break idols, and affirm Allah's oneness without associating anything with Him.” See the first believers in the Prophet. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Muddaththir.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Which Quranic verse marked the command to begin preaching Islam?
Surah Al-Muddaththir: ‘Arise and warn ˹all˺’ (74:2).
How long did the phase of secret/private calling last?
Three years, as the scholar gives it in his answer on the stages of the Meccan period.
Where did the early Muslims gather secretly to learn the faith?
In the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam at al-Safa, where, Ibn Kathir notes, the Prophet ﷺ kept out of sight.
From where did the Prophet first announce Islam to all clans of Mecca publicly?
From al-Safa, after ‘And warn ˹all, starting with˺ your closest relatives’ (26:214) was revealed (Sahih al-Bukhari 4770).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →