What Were the Stages of the Meccan Period?
ما هي مراحل الدور المكي؟
Secret invitation stage, three years.
The stage of proclaiming the call to the people of Mecca from the beginning of the fourth year of prophecy to the end of the tenth year.
The stage of Da’wah outside Mecca, which is from the end of the tenth year of prophecy to his migration (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to Medina.
مرحلة الدعوة السرية، ثلاث سنوات.
مرحلة إعلان الدعوة في أهل مكة من بداية السنة الرابعة من النبوة إلى آخر السنة العاشرة.
مرحلة الدعوة خارج مكة، وهي من أواخر السنة العاشرة من النبوة إلى هجرته صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة.
1. The Secret Stage (Ad-Da'wah As-Sirriyyah) | المرحلة السرية: ثلاث سنوات من البناء التربوي الخاص
The first three years of the Meccan period, the first of the two periods of his mission, were the private call, as the scholar says. Ibn Kathir's reports mention the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam by al-Safa, where the Prophet ﷺ stayed out of sight during the Meccan period.
كانت الدعوة في السنوات الثلاث الأولى سرية كما يقول الشيخ، وتذكر روايات ابن كثير دار الأرقم بن أبي الأرقم التي عند الصفا، وكان النبي ﷺ فيها مستخفيا.
2. Proclaiming to Close Kin: Mount Safa | مرحلة إنذار العشيرة والجهر بالحق في مكة
Then came the command "And warn your closest relatives" (26:214): the Prophet ﷺ climbed al-Safa and called the clans of Quraysh (Sahih al-Bukhari 4770), as told in the start of the open call. Allah also commanded: "So proclaim what you have been commanded, and turn away from the polytheists" (15:94).
وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ (سورة الشعراء: 214)
ثم نزل قوله تعالى: (وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ)، فصعد الصفا ونادى بطون قريش (صحيح البخاري 4770)، ونزل قوله تعالى: (فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ).
3. Seven Years of Fierce Opposition and Endurance | سبع سنوات من مواجهة التعذيب والحصار الظالم
In the years of the open call Quraysh opposed him in many ways, told in how Quraysh reacted. Musa ibn Uqba's account, quoted by Ibn Kathir, says they wrote a pact refusing to sit with Banu Hashim or trade with them, and that Banu Hashim stayed in their valley for three years, until termites ate the pact.
واجهت قريش الدعوة في سنوات الجهر بأنواع من العداوة، وفي رواية موسى بن عقبة التي أوردها ابن كثير أنهم كتبوا صحيفة ألا يجالسوا بني هاشم ولا يبايعوهم، فلبث بنو هاشم في شعبهم ثلاث سنين حتى بعث الله على صحيفتهم الأرضة.
4. The Outreach Phase Beyond Meccan Borders | مرحلة نشر الدعوة خارج مكة والبحث عن نصير
After Abu Talib died, Ibn Ishaq says, Quraysh harmed the Prophet ﷺ more than they had in his uncle's lifetime, so he went alone to al-Ta'if to seek the support of Thaqif and call them to Islam. He also offered himself to the Arab tribes at the pilgrimage seasons, as Ibn Kathir reports from Ibn Ishaq.
قال ابن إسحاق: فلما هلك أبو طالب نالت قريش من رسول الله ﷺ من الأذى ما لم تكن نالته في حياة عمه، فخرج إلى الطائف وحده يلتمس من ثقيف النصرة، وكان يعرض نفسه على قبائل العرب في المواسم، كما نقل ابن كثير.
5. The Pledges of Aqabah and the Dawn of Hijrah | بيعتا العقبة وفتح آفاق الهجرة المباركة إلى يثرب
This stage led to the pledges of al-Aqabah with men from Yathrib (Medina), which opened the way to the Hijrah; Ubadah ibn al-Samit (may Allah be pleased with him) gives the terms of the pledge in the Scholarly Insight below.
أثمرت هذه المرحلة بيعتي العقبة مع رجال من يثرب، فانفتح طريق الهجرة، ويذكر عبادة بن الصامت شروط البيعة كما في الإضاءة العلمية أدناه.
Scholarly Insight: Ubadah ibn al-Samit recounts the terms of the pledge that closed the Meccan period (Sahih al-Bukhari 3893): “I was one of the leaders who pledged allegiance to the Messenger of Allah. We pledged not to associate anything with Allah, not to steal, not to commit adultery, not to kill a person whose life Allah had made inviolable, not to plunder, and not to disobey, with Paradise promised if we fulfilled that. If we committed any of those things, judgment of that would belong to Allah.” See the circumstances leading to the Hijrah. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Ash-Shu'ara.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
How long did the private, secret phase of the Meccan call last?
Three years, as the scholar's answer says.
What Quranic verse commanded the Prophet to begin calling publicly?
Surah Al-Hijr (15:94): So proclaim what you have been commanded, and turn away from the polytheists.
What was the third phase of the Meccan period?
Outreach beyond Mecca to external Arab tribes during pilgrimage fairs and delegations, culminating in the Pledges of Aqabah.
Where did the Prophet travel outside Mecca seeking tribal support after Abu Talib's death?
He traveled to the city of Ta'if to invite the leaders of Thaqif to Islam.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →