Who Are the Prophets and the Messengers?
من هم الأنبياء والرسل؟
They are human beings from the children of Adam, but Allah entrusted them with Prophethood through revelation, and He ordered them to convey the Message to their people and to call them to worship Allah Alone. The first Prophet is Adam (PBUH) and the last Prophet is Muhammad (PBUH). They are great in number, because Allah sent them to all the nations on the earth. Allah the Almighty sent a Prophet in every phase to his people to call them to worship Allah and to guide them.
هم بشر من بني آدم، أوحى الله إليهم بالنبوة وأمرهم بتبليغ الرسالة لأقوامهم ودعوتهم إلى عبادة الله وحده، وأولهم آدم عليه السلام وآخرهم محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، وعددهم كبير لأن الله أرسلهم لجميع أمم الأرض الذين عاشوا عليها، حيث كان في كل مرحلة من مراحل التاريخ نبي يدعو قومه يهديهم سبيل الرشاد.
1. Human Beings Who Receive Revelation | قل إنما أنا بشر مثلكم يوحى إلي
The prophets are human beings, and what sets them apart is revelation. Allah commands His Messenger: Say, I am only a man like you, but it has been revealed to me that your God is only One God (18:110). Ibn Kathir explains: say to these idolaters who deny your message, I am only a man like you; I do not know the unseen in what I have told you of the past, except what Allah has shown me; and your God, whom I call you to worship, is One God with no partner.
قُلْ إِنَّمَا أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِّثْلُكُمْ يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ أَنَّمَا إِلَٰهُكُمْ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ (سورة الكهف: 110)
قال تعالى: (قل إنما أنا بشر مثلكم يوحى إلي أنما إلهكم إله واحد) (الكهف 18: 110)، قال ابن كثير: يقول لرسوله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: (قل) لهؤلاء المشركين المكذبين برسالتك إليهم: (إنما أنا بشر مثلكم)، فإني لا أعلم الغيب فيما أخبرتكم به من الماضي، لولا ما أطلعني الله عليه، (أنما إلهكم) الذي أدعوكم إلى عبادته (إله واحد) لا شريك له.
2. A Messenger to Every Community | ولقد بعثنا في كل أمة رسولا
Their number is great because no community was left without one: We surely sent a messenger to every community, saying, Worship Allah and shun false gods (16:36). Ibn Kathir explains: in every generation and group of people a messenger, all of them calling to the worship of Allah and forbidding the worship of anything else; Allah kept sending them since shirk arose among the children of Adam in the people of Nuh, the first messenger sent to the people of the earth, until He sealed them with Muhammad. On 35:24, There is no community that has not had a warner, he explains: no nation of the children of Adam passed without Allah sending warners to them.
وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِي كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولًا أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُوا الطَّاغُوتَ (سورة النحل: 36)
قال تعالى: (ولقد بعثنا في كل أمة رسولا أن اعبدوا الله واجتنبوا الطاغوت) (النحل 16: 36)، قال ابن كثير: أي: في كل قرن من الناس وطائفة رسولا، وكلهم يدعو إلى عبادة الله، وينهى عن عبادة ما سواه، فلم يزل تعالى يرسل إلى الناس الرسل بذلك، منذ حدث الشرك في بني آدم في قوم نوح الذين أرسل إليهم نوح، وكان أول رسول بعثه الله إلى أهل الأرض، إلى أن ختمهم بمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، وقال في قوله تعالى: (وإن من أمة إلا خلا فيها نذير) (فاطر 35: 24): أي: وما من أمة خلت من بني آدم إلا وقد بعث الله إليهم النذر.
3. Some Named in the Quran, Many Not | منهم من قصصنا عليك ومنهم من لم نقصص عليك
Allah told His Prophet: We already sent messengers before you. We have told you the stories of some of them, while others We have not (40:78). Ibn Kathir explains that those whose stories were not told are many times more than those mentioned. The ones named in the Quran are listed in the prophets named in the Quran.
وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا رُسُلًا مِّن قَبْلِكَ مِنْهُم مَّن قَصَصْنَا عَلَيْكَ وَمِنْهُم مَّن لَّمْ نَقْصُصْ عَلَيْكَ (سورة غافر: 78)
قال تعالى: (ولقد أرسلنا رسلا من قبلك منهم من قصصنا عليك ومنهم من لم نقصص عليك) (غافر 40: 78)، قال ابن كثير: أي: منهم من أوحينا إليك خبرهم وقصصهم مع قومهم كيف كذبوهم ثم كانت للرسل العاقبة والنصرة، (ومنهم من لم نقصص عليك) وهم أكثر ممن ذكر بأضعاف أضعاف.
4. From Adam to the Seal of the Prophets | ولكن رسول الله وخاتم النبيين
Allah chose Adam, Nuh (Noah), the family of Ibrahim (Abraham), and the family of Imran above all people (3:33); Ibn Kathir explains that He chose Adam, and chose Nuh and made him the first messenger He sent to the people of the earth, and in the hadith of intercession the people say to Nuh: You are the first of the messengers to the people of the earth (Sahih al-Bukhari 3340). The last is Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets (33:40); Ibn Kathir explains that this verse is a text that there is no prophet after him, and so no messenger either, because every messenger is a prophet but not every prophet is a messenger. The Prophet said: I am that brick, and I am the seal of the prophets (Sahih al-Bukhari 3535). The two ranks are compared in the difference between a prophet and a messenger.
مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ (سورة الأحزاب: 40)
قال تعالى: (إن الله اصطفى آدم ونوحا وآل إبراهيم وآل عمران على العالمين) (آل عمران 3: 33)، قال ابن كثير: فاصطفى آدم عليه السلام، واصطفى نوحا عليه السلام، وجعله أول رسول بعثه إلى أهل الأرض، وفي حديث الشفاعة يقول الناس لنوح: "أنت أول الرسل إلى أهل الأرض" (صحيح البخاري 3340)، وقال تعالى: (ما كان محمد أبا أحد من رجالكم ولكن رسول الله وخاتم النبيين) (الأحزاب 33: 40)، قال ابن كثير: فهذه الآية نص في أنه لا نبي بعده، وإذا كان لا نبي بعده فلا رسول بعده بطريق الأولى والأحرى؛ لأن مقام الرسالة أخص من مقام النبوة، فإن كل رسول نبي ولا ينعكس، وقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: "فأنا اللبنة، وأنا خاتم النبيين" (صحيح البخاري 3535).
Scholarly Insight: Following the prophets is a condition of every accepted deed: the verse that says I am only a man like you ends, So whoever hopes for the meeting with their Lord, let them do good deeds and associate none in the worship of their Lord (18:110), and Ibn Kathir explains that these are the two pillars of an accepted deed: it must be sincerely for Allah and correct according to the law of the Messenger of Allah. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Kahf.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Who are the prophets and messengers?
Human beings from the children of Adam to whom Allah revealed prophethood, commanding them to convey the message to their people and call them to worship Allah alone.
Who was the first prophet and who is the last?
Adam was the first and Muhammad (PBUH) is the last, the seal of the prophets (33:40); Nuh was the first messenger sent to the people of the earth (Sahih al-Bukhari 3340).
Did Allah send a messenger to every nation?
Yes. We surely sent a messenger to every community, saying, Worship Allah and shun false gods (16:36).
Does the Quran name all the messengers?
No. We have told you the stories of some of them, while others We have not (40:78); Ibn Kathir says those not told of are many times more.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →