Which Surah Tells the Story of the Two Sons of Adam?
في أي سورة ذكر الله تعالى قصة ابني آدم عليه السلام؟
In Surah Al-Ma'idah.
(Relate to them in truth ˹O Prophet˺ the story of Adam’s two sons, how each offered a sacrifice: one’s offering was accepted while the other’s was not, so he threatened ˹his brother˺, “I will kill you!” His brother replied, “Allah only accepts ˹the offering˺ of the sincerely devout.”) [Al-Ma'idah 5:27]
وردت في سورة المائدة.
(وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ بِالْحَقِّ إِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ قَالَ لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ ۖ قَالَ إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ) [المائدة 5: 27]
1. The Story in Surah Al-Ma’idah | نبأ ابني آدم في سورة المائدة
Allah tells the story of Adam’s two sons in Surah Al-Ma’idah, verses 27-31. Ibn Kathir explains that Allah tells it to show the dire end of transgression, envy and injustice: one of them attacked the other and killed him out of transgression and envy, over the blessing Allah had given him and the acceptance of the offering he had made sincerely for Allah. The one killed won the removal of his sins and entry into Paradise, while the killer failed and returned with a losing bargain in this world and the Hereafter. Ibn Kathir adds that in truth (5:27) means plainly, in a matter with no confusion, lie or doubt, no alteration, and nothing added or omitted, as Allah says: Certainly, this is the true narrative (3:62). How the quarrel began is explained in how the conflict started between the two sons of Adam, and how the killer learned to bury his brother in how the brother knew how to bury his brother.
إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ (سورة آل عمران: 62)
روى الله تعالى نبأ ابني آدم في سورة المائدة في الآيات 27-31، قال ابن كثير: يقول تعالى مبينا وخيم عاقبة البغي والحسد والظلم في خبر ابني آدم، كيف عدا أحدهما على الآخر، فقتله بغيا عليه وحسدا له، فيما وهبه الله من النعمة وتقبل القربان الذي أخلص فيه لله عز وجل، ففاز المقتول بوضع الآثام والدخول إلى الجنة، وخاب القاتل ورجع بالصفقة الخاسرة في الدنيا والآخرة، وقال في قوله تعالى: (بالحق) (المائدة 5: 27): أي: على الجلية والأمر الذي لا لبس فيه ولا كذب، ولا وهم ولا تبديل، ولا زيادة ولا نقصان، كما قال تعالى: (إن هذا لهو القصص الحق) (آل عمران 3: 62).
2. Two Sons of Adam From His Own Loins | ابنا آدم لصلبه
The Quran does not name the two sons. Ibn Kathir notes that the majority hold they were Adam’s own sons, and that many of the early and later scholars named them Habil and Qabil (Abel and Cain). After setting out the exegetes’ reports, he states that they all agree the two were sons of Adam from his own loins, as the apparent meaning of the Quran shows and as the hadith states: No soul is killed unjustly but the first son of Adam bears a share of its blood, because he was the first to establish killing (Sahih al-Bukhari 3335, Sahih Muslim 1677). He calls a report from al-Hasan al-Basri, that the two were men of the Children of Israel, very strange, with a questionable chain.
فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ (سورة المائدة: 31)
لم يسم القرآن ابني آدم، قال ابن كثير: هما ابنا آدم لصلبه في قول الجمهور، وهما هابيل وقابيل فيما ذكره غير واحد من السلف والخلف، وقال بعد أن ساق أقوال المفسرين: وكلهم متفقون على أن هذين ابنا آدم لصلبه، كما هو ظاهر القرآن، وكما نطق به الحديث، وهو قول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فيما رواه عبد الله بن مسعود رضي الله عنه: "لا تقتل نفس ظلما إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول كفل من دمها، لأنه أول من سن القتل" (صحيح البخاري 3335، صحيح مسلم 1677)، ونقل عن الحسن البصري أنهما كانا من بني إسرائيل، ثم قال: وهذا غريب جدا، وفي إسناده نظر.
3. As If They Killed All of Humanity | فكأنما قتل الناس جميعا
The story is followed by this decree: That is why We ordained for the Children of Israel that whoever takes a life, unless as a punishment for murder or mischief in the land, it will be as if they killed all of humanity; and whoever saves a life, it will be as if they saved all of humanity (5:32). Ibn Kathir explains: because of the son of Adam’s killing of his brother unjustly and in aggression, Allah legislated this for them and taught it to them. Whoever kills a soul without a cause such as retaliation or corruption in the land, and deems its killing lawful, is as if he killed all people, since to him one soul is no different from another; and whoever saves it, by holding its killing forbidden and believing so, all people are safe from him in this sense. Sa’id ibn Jubayr said: whoever deems lawful the blood of one Muslim is as if he deemed lawful the blood of all people, and whoever holds it sacred is as if he held sacred the blood of all people; Ibn Kathir calls this the clearest view. The first crime itself is discussed in what the first crime on earth was.
مِنْ أَجْلِ ذَٰلِكَ كَتَبْنَا عَلَىٰ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ أَنَّهُ مَن قَتَلَ نَفْسًا بِغَيْرِ نَفْسٍ أَوْ فَسَادٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَكَأَنَّمَا قَتَلَ النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا وَمَنْ أَحْيَاهَا فَكَأَنَّمَا أَحْيَا النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا (سورة المائدة: 32)
وعقب الله تعالى القصة بقوله: (من أجل ذلك كتبنا على بني إسرائيل أنه من قتل نفسا بغير نفس أو فساد في الأرض فكأنما قتل الناس جميعا ومن أحياها فكأنما أحيا الناس جميعا) (المائدة 5: 32)، وبين ابن كثير أن الله شرع هذا الحكم لبني إسرائيل وأعلمهم إياه من أجل قتل ابن آدم أخاه ظلما وعدوانا، وأن من استحل قتل نفس بلا سبب ولا جناية، من غير قصاص أو فساد في الأرض، فهو كمن قتل الناس كلهم؛ لأنه لا فرق عنده بين نفس ونفس، وأن من حرم قتلها واعتقد ذلك فقد سلم الناس كلهم منه بهذا الاعتبار، وقال سعيد بن جبير: من استحل دم مسلم فكأنما استحل دماء الناس جميعا، ومن حرم دم مسلم فكأنما حرم دماء الناس جميعا، قال ابن كثير: هذا قول، وهو الأظهر.
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir explains that Allah tells the story of Adam’s two sons in Surah Al-Ma’idah to show the dire end of transgression, envy and injustice, and that because of this killing He ordained the sanctity of every soul (5:32). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Ma’idah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Which surah mentions the two sons of Adam?
Surah Al-Ma’idah, in verses 27-31, which tell how each offered a sacrifice and one of them killed the other.
Does the Quran name the two sons of Adam?
No. Ibn Kathir reports that many of the early and later scholars named them Habil and Qabil (Abel and Cain), and that the majority hold they were Adam’s own sons.
Why does Allah tell this story?
Ibn Kathir explains that it shows the dire end of transgression, envy and injustice: the one killed won the removal of his sins and Paradise, while the killer lost in this world and the Hereafter.
What did Allah ordain after this story?
That whoever takes a life unjustly, it will be as if they killed all of humanity, and whoever saves a life, it will be as if they saved all of humanity (5:32).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →