What Is the Meaning of Riba (Usury) in Language and in Islamic Law?
ما هو تعريف الربا في اللغة والاصطلاح؟
What is the meaning of usury?
The answer gives two definitions: in the language, riba is growth and increase in a thing; in Islamic legal terminology, it is any money added to the original sale or debt without right.
Understanding the exact definition of Riba is the first step in avoiding one of the most strictly prohibited financial transactions in Islam.
The Definition of Riba
1. The Linguistic Meaning
Linguistically, it is growth and increase in a thing.
2. The Technical Meaning
In Islamic legal terminology, it is whatever money is added to the original sale or debt without right.
ما هو تعريف الربا في اللغة والاصطلاح؟
يذكر الجواب تعريفين: الربا لغة النماء والزيادة في الشيء، واصطلاحا ما يزيد على أصل البيع أو الدين من مال دون حق.
إن فهم التعريف الدقيق للربا هو الخطوة الأولى لتجنب واحدة من أشد المعاملات المالية تحريماً في الإسلام.
تعريف الربا
1. المعنى اللغوي
النماء والزيادة في الشيء.
2. المعنى الاصطلاحي
أما في الاصطلاح: ما يزيد على أصل البيع أو الدين من مال دون حق.
1. Riba in the Language of the Quran | الربا في لغة القرآن
The root of riba means to grow and to rise. The Quran uses it of barren earth that stirs and swells when rain falls on it (Al-Hajj 22:5), of one nation being more numerous than another (An-Nahl 16:92), and of a garden on raised ground, a rabwah (Al-Baqarah 2:265). In the technical sense, the answer applies this meaning of increase to money added to a sale or a debt without right.
وَتَرَى الْأَرْضَ هَامِدَةً فَإِذَا أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْهَا الْمَاءَ اهْتَزَّتْ وَرَبَتْ (سورة الحج: 5)
أصل الربا في اللغة النماء والارتفاع؛ ووصف الله تعالى الأرض الهامدة إذا نزل عليها الماء بأنها اهتزت وربت (الحج 22:5)، وذكر أمة هي أربى من أمة أي أكثر عددا (النحل 16:92)، ومنه الربوة وهي المكان المرتفع (البقرة 2:265). وفي الاصطلاح يطبق الجواب معنى الزيادة على المال الذي يزاد على أصل البيع أو الدين دون حق.
2. Increase in Exchange and in Debt | الزيادة في التبادل وفي الدين
The Prophet said: Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, and salt for salt, only equal for equal and hand to hand; whoever gives more or asks for more has engaged in riba (Sahih Muslim 1587). Jurists call this increase in exchanging the same kind riba al-fadl. The increase charged on a debt is riba al-nasi'ah, and in his Farewell Sermon the Prophet declared the riba of the pre-Islamic era abolished (Sahih Muslim 1218).
وَأَحَلَّ اللَّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا (سورة البقرة: 275)
قال النبي ﷺ: "الذهب بالذهب والفضة بالفضة والبر بالبر والشعير بالشعير والتمر بالتمر والملح بالملح إلا سواء بسواء عينا بعين، فمن زاد أو ازداد فقد أربى" (صحيح مسلم 1587). ويسمي الفقهاء هذه الزيادة في مبادلة الجنس بجنسه ربا الفضل، والزيادة في الدين ربا النسيئة، وقد قال النبي ﷺ في حجة الوداع: "وربا الجاهلية موضوع" (صحيح مسلم 1218).
3. A Major Sin | الربا من الكبائر
The Prophet counted consuming riba among the seven destructive sins (Sahih al-Bukhari 2766), and he cursed the one who consumes riba, the one who pays it, the one who records it, and its two witnesses, saying that they are all alike (Sahih Muslim 1598). Allah commands believers to give up whatever riba remains due to them, and warns those who do not of war from Allah and His Messenger (Al-Baqarah 2:278-279).
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَذَرُوا مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الرِّبَا إِن كُنتُم مُّؤْمِنِينَ (سورة البقرة: 278)
عد النبي ﷺ أكل الربا من السبع الموبقات (صحيح البخاري 2766)، و"لعن رسول الله ﷺ آكل الربا وموكله وكاتبه وشاهديه وقال: هم سواء" (صحيح مسلم 1598). وأمر الله تعالى المؤمنين بترك ما بقي من الربا، وتوعد من لم يفعل بحرب من الله ورسوله (البقرة 2:278-279).
Scholarly Insight: In Islamic Jurisprudence ( Fiqh ), Riba is one of the major sins: the Prophet counted it among the seven destructive sins (Sahih al-Bukhari 2766). Scholars classify it primarily into two types: Riba Al-Fadl (usury of surplus in trade of specific commodities) and Riba An-Nasi'ah (usury of delay or debt). Among the wisdoms mentioned for its prohibition is that the lender takes a fixed increase without sharing in the work or the risk, while the burden falls on the borrower; the Quran answers the claim that trade is like riba by declaring that Allah has permitted trade and forbidden riba (Al-Baqarah 2:275). Therefore, any extra amount stipulated as a condition over the original principal of a loan falls under this prohibited increase ( Nama' ).
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What is the literal meaning of the word riba?
Linguistically, riba means growth and increase in a thing. The Quran uses the same root for barren earth that swells when rain falls on it (Al-Hajj 22:5).
How does Islamic law define riba?
The answer defines it as any money added to the original sale or debt without right. Any extra amount made a condition over the principal of a loan falls under it.
Does riba only apply to loans?
No. It most commonly applies to an increase on loans or debts (riba al-nasi'ah), and it also applies to unequal exchanges of the same commodity, such as gold for gold or wheat for wheat (riba al-fadl), as the Prophet said: whoever gives more or asks for more has engaged in riba (Sahih Muslim 1587).
Is riba a major sin?
Yes. The Prophet counted consuming riba among the seven destructive sins (Sahih al-Bukhari 2766), and he cursed the one who consumes it, the one who pays it, the one who records it, and its two witnesses (Sahih Muslim 1598).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →