What Are the Requirements Without Which Prayer Is Invalid?
ما هي شروط الصلاة التي لا تصح الصلاة بدونها؟
Ensuring that it is time for prayers, purification of the body from impurities (minor impurity, and major impurity, which is Janabah (sexual discharge)), purification of clothes, body and place, covering the awrah, facing Makkah (which is the Qibla of the Muslims), and having the sincere intention.
العلم بدخول الوقت، طهارة البدن، الطهارة من الحدث الأكبر والحدث الأصغر، ويقصد بالطهارة من الحدث الأكبر الطهارة من الجنابة، ستر العورة، استقبال القبلة، النية.
1. The Prayer at Its Time | الصلاة على وقتها
Ibn Mas’ud asked the Prophet which deed is most beloved to Allah, and he said: The prayer at its time; then kindness to parents; then striving in the cause of Allah (Sahih al-Bukhari 527). The times of the five prayers are explained in how many prayers a Muslim prays in one day.
سأل ابن مسعود رضي الله عنه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: أي العمل أحب إلى الله؟ قال: "الصلاة على وقتها"، قال: ثم أي؟ قال: "ثم بر الوالدين"، قال: ثم أي؟ قال: "الجهاد في سبيل الله" (صحيح البخاري 527).
2. Purity | لا تقبل صلاة أحدكم إذا أحدث حتى يتوضأ
The Prophet said: The prayer of one of you is not accepted, if he has broken his purity, until he performs wudu (Sahih Muslim 225). And Allah says: Purify your garments (74:4); Ibn Kathir reports from Ibn Sirin: wash them with water, and from Ibn Zayd, the view Ibn Jarir chose: the idolaters did not purify themselves, so Allah commanded the Prophet to purify himself and his garments. Wudu and the bath are explained in the difference between wudu and tayammum and whether a person in janabah can perform wudu and pray.
وَثِيَابَكَ فَطَهِّرْ (سورة المدثر: 4)
قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: "لا تقبل صلاة أحدكم إذا أحدث حتى يتوضأ" (صحيح مسلم 225)، وقال تعالى: (وثيابك فطهر) (المدثر 74: 4)، قال ابن كثير: وقال محمد بن سيرين: (وثيابك فطهر) أي: اغسلها بالماء، وقال ابن زيد: كان المشركون لا يتطهرون، فأمره الله أن يتطهر، وأن يطهر ثيابه، وهذا القول اختاره ابن جرير.
3. Covering the Awrah | خذوا زينتكم عند كل مسجد
O Children of Adam! Dress properly whenever you are at worship (7:31). Ibn Kathir reports from Ibn Abbas that men used to circle the House naked, so Allah commanded them to adorn themselves, and the adornment is the clothing that covers the private parts, and beyond that fine cloth and goods. And the Prophet said: Allah does not accept the prayer of a woman who has reached puberty except with a head covering (Sunan Abi Dawud 641, graded sahih by al-Albani).
يَا بَنِي آدَمَ خُذُوا زِينَتَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ (سورة الأعراف: 31)
قال تعالى: (يا بني آدم خذوا زينتكم عند كل مسجد) (الأعراف 7: 31)، قال ابن كثير: عن ابن عباس في قوله تعالى: (خذوا زينتكم عند كل مسجد) الآية، قال: كان رجال يطوفون بالبيت عراة، فأمرهم الله بالزينة، والزينة: اللباس، وهو ما يواري السوأة، وما سوى ذلك من جيد البز والمتاع. وقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: "لا يقبل الله صلاة حائض إلا بخمار" (سنن أبي داود 641، وصححه الألباني).
4. Facing the Qibla | فول وجهك شطر المسجد الحرام
So turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque; wherever you are, turn your faces towards it (2:144). The Prophet taught the man who prayed badly: When you stand for prayer, perform wudu fully, then face the Qibla and say Allahu akbar (Sahih al-Bukhari 6251). The Qibla itself is explained in what the Qibla of the Muslims is.
فَوَلِّ وَجْهَكَ شَطْرَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ ۚ وَحَيْثُ مَا كُنتُمْ فَوَلُّوا وُجُوهَكُمْ شَطْرَهُ (سورة البقرة: 144)
قال تعالى: (فول وجهك شطر المسجد الحرام وحيث ما كنتم فولوا وجوهكم شطره) (البقرة 2: 144)، وقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم للذي أساء صلاته: "إذا قمت إلى الصلاة فأسبغ الوضوء، ثم استقبل القبلة فكبر" (صحيح البخاري 6251).
Scholarly Insight: The last condition carries the rest: the Prophet said: Deeds are only by intentions, and each person has only what he intended (Sahih al-Bukhari 1). A prayer with every outward condition is still weighed by the intention behind it. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Baqarah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What are the conditions of prayer?
Knowing that its time has come, purity from minor and major impurity, purity of the body, clothes and place, covering the awrah, facing the Qibla, and the intention.
Is a prayer accepted without purification?
No. The prayer of one who has broken his purity is not accepted until he performs wudu (Sahih Muslim 225).
Must a woman cover her head in prayer?
Yes. Allah does not accept the prayer of a woman who has reached puberty except with a head covering (Sunan Abi Dawud 641, graded sahih by al-Albani).
Which direction does a Muslim face in prayer?
The Sacred Mosque in Makkah: wherever you are, turn your faces towards it (2:144).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →