What Is the Meaning of Unintentional Killing?
ما هو القتل الخطأ؟
What is the meaning of unintentional killing?
The answer defines accidental killing (al-qatl al-khata) as killing with no definite desire, hatred, or motive toward the victim: a person does something without intending to strike or kill, and a mistake or accident leads to death.
Islamic jurisprudence places a massive emphasis on a person's intention (Niyyah). When evaluating the tragic loss of human life, the law makes a strict and clear distinction between a premeditated crime and an unfortunate accident.
The Definition and Characteristics
Accidental killing is killing accompanied by no definite desire or hatred toward the victim, with no motive for it; it is also called unintentional killing. It occurs when a person performs an action without any intention of striking or killing the victim, but a mistake or an accident leads to a fatal consequence.
ما هو القتل الخطأ؟
يعرف الجواب القتل الخطأ بأنه القتل الذي لا يصاحبه رغبة أكيدة أو حقد تجاه الضحية ولا دافع له: يقوم الشخص بعمل دون نية ضرب أو قتل، فيؤدي خطأ أو حادث إلى الموت.
يولي الفقه الإسلامي أهمية كبرى لنية الإنسان. وعند تقييم الفقدان المأساوي لحياة إنسان، يضع الشرع تمييزا صارما وواضحا بين الجريمة مع سبق الإصرار والترصد وبين الحادث المؤسف.
التعريف والخصائص
القتل الخطأ: هو القتل الذي لا يصاحبه رغبة أكيدة أو حقد تجاه الضحية، ولا يوجد له أي دافع. ويطلق عليه القتل غير المتعمد. ويحدث عندما يقوم شخص بعمل ما دون أي نية لضرب أو قتل الضحية، ولكن خطأ أو حادثا يؤدي إلى نتيجة مميتة.
1. No Sin in What You Did by Mistake | لا جناح فيما أخطأتم به
Allah says: there is no blame on you for what you do by mistake, but only for what your hearts intend (Al-Ahzab 33:5). When the believers prayed: our Lord, do not take us to account if we forget or make a mistake (Al-Baqarah 2:286), Allah said: I have done so (Sahih Muslim 126). The killer by mistake carries no sin of murder, because his heart did not intend it.
وَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ فِيمَا أَخْطَأْتُم بِهِ وَلَٰكِن مَّا تَعَمَّدَتْ قُلُوبُكُمْ (سورة الأحزاب: 5)
قال الله تعالى: وليس عليكم جناح فيما أخطأتم به ولكن ما تعمدت قلوبكم (الأحزاب 33:5). ولما دعا المؤمنون: ربنا لا تؤاخذنا إن نسينا أو أخطأنا (البقرة 2:286)، قال الله تعالى: "قد فعلت" (صحيح مسلم 126). فالقاتل خطأ لا يحمل إثم القاتل عمدا، لأن قلبه لم يتعمد.
2. The Occasion of the Verse | سبب نزول الآية
Ibn Kathir reports from Mujahid and others that An-Nisa 4:92 was revealed about Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'a: a man named al-Harith ibn Yazid had tortured him for his Islam, then al-Harith accepted Islam and emigrated without Ayyash knowing; when Ayyash saw him, he thought he was still a disbeliever and killed him, and Allah revealed the verse.
نقل ابن كثير عن مجاهد وغير واحد أن الآية (النساء 4:92) نزلت في عياش بن أبي ربيعة: كان الحارث بن يزيد العامري يعذبه على الإسلام، ثم أسلم الحارث وهاجر وعياش لا يشعر، فلما رآه ظن أنه على دينه فحمل عليه فقتله، فأنزل الله الآية.
3. A Mistake That Still Carries Duties | خطأ تترتب عليه واجبات
Ibn Kathir explains that two things are obligatory in accidental killing: the expiation, because of the grave thing he did even though it was a mistake, and the blood money paid to the victim's family unless they forgive it (An-Nisa 4:92). A life lost by mistake is not left unaccounted for, though the killer is not punished as a murderer.
وَمَن قَتَلَ مُؤْمِنًا خَطَأً فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ إِلَّا أَن يَصَّدَّقُوا (سورة النساء: 92)
قال ابن كثير في قوله تعالى (ومن قتل مؤمنا خطأ فتحرير رقبة مؤمنة ودية مسلمة إلى أهله): "هذان واجبان في قتل الخطأ، أحدهما: الكفارة لما ارتكبه من الذنب العظيم، وإن كان خطأ"، والثاني الدية لأهل المقتول إلا أن يتصدقوا بها.
Scholarly Insight: Because the heart did not intend it, the accidental killer is not treated as a murderer: Allah removed blame for what is done by mistake (Al-Ahzab 33:5). Yet the life is not left unaccounted for: Ibn Kathir explains that An-Nisa 4:92 obliges the expiation, for the gravity of what happened even by mistake, and blood money to the family unless they forgive it. Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nisa.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What is the difference between intentional and accidental killing?
Intent. The answer defines accidental killing as killing with no definite desire, hatred, or motive toward the victim, where a mistake or accident leads to death.
Is the accidental killer sinful?
He does not carry the sin of murder; Allah says there is no blame on you for what you do by mistake, but only for what your hearts intend (Al-Ahzab 33:5).
What does accidental killing require?
Ibn Kathir explains that An-Nisa 4:92 obliges two things: the expiation and the blood money paid to the victim's family, unless they forgive it.
Why was the verse on accidental killing revealed?
Ibn Kathir reports that Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'a killed a man who had accepted Islam without his knowledge, thinking he was still a disbeliever, and Allah revealed An-Nisa 4:92.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →