What Are the Types of Killing in Islam?
ما أنواع القتل في الشريعة الإسلامية؟
What are the types of killing (manslaughter) in Islam?
The answer divides killing into three types by intention and tool: intentional, with intent to kill a person known to be protected, using what usually kills; semi-deliberate, an assault with a tool that does not usually kill; and accidental, including killing by causation, with no criminal intent (An-Nisa 4:92-93).
In Islamic law, human life is intensely sacred. When evaluating the tragic loss of life, the Shariah meticulously examines the criminal intent (Niyyah) and the method used to determine the exact degree of responsibility and the appropriate legal retribution or compensation.
The Quranic Foundation
(It is not lawful for a believer to kill another except by mistake. And whoever kills a believer unintentionally must free a believing slave and pay blood money to the victim's family unless they waive it charitably. But if the victim is a believer from a hostile people, then a believing slave must be freed. And if the victim is from a people bound with you in a treaty, then blood money must be paid to the family along with freeing a believing slave. Those who are unable, let them fast two consecutive months as a means of repentance to Allah. And Allah is All Knowing, All Wise. And whoever kills a believer intentionally, their reward will be Hell where they will stay indefinitely. Allah will be displeased with them, condemn them, and will prepare for them a tremendous punishment.) Surah An Nisa'a 4: 92 to 93.
1. Intentional Killing
The first type is intentional killing: to target a person one knows to be a protected human being and kill him with something that would most probably cause death, such as striking him with a sword or dropping a large rock on his head.
The deliberate killing has three strict conditions:
First: The killer intends to kill. In legal terms this is called criminal intent.
Second: The killer knows that the person he intends to kill is a human being whose blood is inviolable, meaning the Sharia does not permit killing him; this excludes one who may lawfully be killed, as when a prescribed punishment or legal retribution is carried out.
Third: The weapon used for the murder is a weapon that is usually used in murders. In legal terms, this is the murder weapon, because the type of weapon clearly proves the criminal intent.
2. Semi Deliberate Killing
The second type is semi-deliberate killing: to intend an assault with a tool that does not usually kill, and the assault leads to the death of the victim.
For example when someone uses a small stick that is usually harmless, or by using one's palm of the hand to strike, yet the victim dies. That is why in this case it is called semi intentional. Because the murderer did not intend to kill, rather he just wanted to harm the victim and unintentionally killed him.
The intention was not to kill because had it been so he would have used a deadly weapon in the first place. Therefore, the criminal intent for murder is incomplete.
3. Accidental Killing
The third type is accidental killing: a person does what he is entitled to do, such as shooting at game, and hits a human being whom it is not permitted to kill, without intending to kill. There is no criminal intent.
And another type of accidental killing is when a person caused death by causation without the intention to do so. For example, a person dug a well and someone fell into the well and died, or someone dug a hole in the ground in the street and someone did not see it and fell in it and died. Another example is if someone stopped a car, and another car hit the stopped car, and the person died.
ما أنواع القتل في الشريعة الإسلامية؟
يقسم الجواب القتل ثلاثة أنواع بحسب القصد والآلة: العمد بقصد قتل آدمي معصوم بما يقتل غالبا، وشبه العمد بجناية بآلة لا تقتل غالبا، والخطأ ومنه القتل بالتسبب، ولا قصد جنائي فيه (النساء 4:92-93).
في الشريعة الإسلامية، تعتبر حياة الإنسان مقدسة للغاية. وعند تقييم الفقدان المأساوي للحياة، تفحص الشريعة بدقة القصد الجنائي والوسيلة المستخدمة لتحديد درجة المسؤولية الدقيقة والقصاص أو التعويض القانوني المناسب.
الأساس القرآني
قال الله تعالى: "وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَن يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَأً ۚ وَمَن قَتَلَ مُؤْمِنًا خَطَأً فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ إِلَّا أَن يَصَّدَّقُوا ۚ فَإِن كَانَ مِن قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَّكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ ۖ وَإِن كَانَ مِن قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُم مِّيثَاقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ ۖ فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ تَوْبَةً مِّنَ اللَّهِ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا (٩٢) وَمَن يَقْتُلْ مُؤْمِنًا مُّتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاؤُهُ جَهَنَّمُ خَالِدًا فِيهَا وَغَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَلَعَنَهُ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُ عَذَابًا عَظِيمًا" النساء 4: 92 إلى 93.
القتل العمد
النوع الأول: قتل العمد بأن يقصد من يعلمه آدميا معصوما، فيقتله بما يغلب على الظن موت الآدمي به كأن يضربه بسيف أو يلقي على رأسه صخرة كبيرة.
أي أن للقتل العمد ثلاثة شروط:
الشرط الأول: وجود القصد من القاتل، وهي إرادة القتل. (وهو ما يسمى قانونا: القصد الجنائي)
الشرط الثاني: أن يعلم أن الشخص الذي قصد قتله آدمي معصوم الدم. (معصوم الدم: أي لا يجوز قتله في الشرع، وهذا لاستثناء من يجوز قتله كمن يقيم عقوبة الحد أو القصاص).
الشرط الثالث: أن تكون الآلة التي قتله بها مما يصلح للقتل عادة. (وهو ما يسمى قانونا: أداة الجريمة، لأن أداة الجريمة توضح القصد الجنائي).
القتل شبه العمد
النوع الثاني: شبه العمد: هو أن يقصد جناية بآلة لا تقتل غالبا، فتؤدي الجناية إلى موت المجني عليه.
كأن يقصد الضرب لأجل الإيذاء فيضرب بعصا صغيرة لا تقتل غالبا، أو أن يضرب بمجمع كفه في مواضع من البدن لا تقتل فيموت المضروب. فذلك يسمى شبه العمد؛ لأن الجاني قصد الإيذاء وذلك عمد للإيذاء وأخطأ في القتل لأنه لم يقصد القتل.
أي: إن القصد الجنائي لم يتوفر، لأنه لو قصد الجناية المؤدية للقتل لكان ذلك بآلة تؤدي إلى القتل غالبا.
القتل الخطأ
النوع الثالث: الخطأ: أن يفعل ما له فعله، كأن يرمي صيدا فيصيب آدميا لا يجوز قتله والرامي لا يقصد القتل فيقتله، (لم يتوفر القصد الجنائي).
ومما يلحق بالقتل الخطأ ما يطلق عليه القتل بالتسبب، وذلك بأن يفعل فعلا لا يؤدي إلى القتل ولا يقصد به القتل فيموت بسببه إنسان، كما لو حفر بئرا فسقط فيه إنسان، أو حفر حفرة في طريق فسقط فيها إنسان فمات، أو أوقف سيارة، فجاء من اصطدم بالسيارة فمات.
1. Quasi-Intentional Killing in the Hadith | شبه العمد في الحديث
In his sermon on the day of the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet said: Indeed, the blood money for the quasi-intentional mistake, what is done with a whip or a stick, is one hundred camels, forty of them pregnant (Sunan Abi Dawud 4547, graded hasan by al-Albani). This is the basis for the answer's second type: an assault with a tool that does not usually kill.
قال النبي ﷺ في خطبته يوم الفتح: "ألا إن دية الخطأ شبه العمد ما كان بالسوط والعصا مائة من الإبل، منها أربعون في بطونها أولادها" (سنن أبي داود 4547، وحسنه الألباني). وهذا أصل النوع الثاني في الجواب: الجناية بآلة لا تقتل غالبا.
2. The Gravity of Intentional Killing | خطورة القتل العمد
Allah says: whoever kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell, abiding in it; Allah is angry with him, curses him, and has prepared for him a great punishment (An-Nisa 4:93). The Prophet said: A believer remains in ease regarding his religion as long as he does not shed forbidden blood (Sahih al-Bukhari 6862).
وَمَن يَقْتُلْ مُؤْمِنًا مُّتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاؤُهُ جَهَنَّمُ خَالِدًا فِيهَا وَغَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَلَعَنَهُ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُ عَذَابًا عَظِيمًا (سورة النساء: 93)
قال الله تعالى: ومن يقتل مؤمنا متعمدا فجزاؤه جهنم خالدا فيها وغضب الله عليه ولعنه وأعد له عذابا عظيما (النساء 4:93). وقال النبي ﷺ: "لن يزال المؤمن في فسحة من دينه، ما لم يصب دما حراما" (صحيح البخاري 6862).
3. When Is a Well-Digger Liable? | متى يضمن حافر البئر؟
The Prophet said: Injury caused by an animal is not compensated, a well is not compensated, and a mine is not compensated (Sahih al-Bukhari 6912). Al-Nawawi explains: this is when a person digs a well on his own property or in unowned land and someone falls into it; but if he digs it in the Muslims' road or on another's property without permission and a person dies in it, compensation is due from his clan and the expiation from his own wealth. The answer's examples of causation belong to this second case.
قال النبي ﷺ: "العجماء جرحها جبار، والبئر جبار، والمعدن جبار" (صحيح البخاري 6912). وبين النووي أن معنى "البئر جبار" أن يحفرها في ملكه أو في موات فيقع فيها إنسان فيتلف فلا ضمان، أما إذا حفرها في طريق المسلمين أو في ملك غيره بغير إذنه فتلف فيها إنسان فيجب ضمانه على عاقلة حافرها والكفارة في ماله. وأمثلة القتل بالتسبب في الجواب من هذا الضرب الثاني.
Scholarly Insight: The three types turn on intent and tool: the Prophet named the quasi-intentional killing by whip or stick and fixed its blood money (Sunan Abi Dawud 4547), and Allah threatened the intentional killer with Hell (An-Nisa 4:93). In killing by causation, al-Nawawi explains that a well dug in one's own property brings no liability, while one dug in a public road does (on "the well is not compensated", Sahih al-Bukhari 6912). Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nisa.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What are the three conditions of intentional killing?
The answer names three: intent to kill, knowing the victim is a human being whose blood is inviolable, and using a tool that usually kills.
How is semi-deliberate killing different from intentional killing?
In semi-deliberate killing the person intends an assault but with a tool that does not usually kill, such as a small stick; the Prophet set its blood money at one hundred camels, forty of them pregnant (Sunan Abi Dawud 4547).
What is killing by causation?
Doing something that is not meant to kill and does not usually kill, from which someone dies, such as a pit dug in a road, as the answer explains; al-Nawawi notes that a well dug on one's own land brings no liability.
What is the punishment for intentional killing in the Hereafter?
Allah says: his recompense is Hell, abiding in it; Allah is angry with him, curses him, and has prepared for him a great punishment (An-Nisa 4:93).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →