What Is the Atonement for Unintentional Killing?
ما كفارة القتل الخطأ؟
What is the atonement for the unintentional killing?
The answer explains two duties in accidental killing, from An-Nisa 4:92: blood money to the victim's heirs, borne by the killer's male relatives on his father's side, and the expiation: freeing a believing slave, or, for one who cannot, fasting two consecutive months.
Unintentional killing is a tragedy that deeply affects two families. To maintain peace and offer spiritual redemption, Islam established a comprehensive system of atonement. This system balances the financial rights of the victim's heirs with the spiritual repentance required from the person who caused the accidental death.
1. Financial Compensation (Blood Money)
The first obligation is financial. The family of the killer specifically, the male relatives from the father's side should pay blood money to the heirs of the deceased who was killed. This shared financial responsibility lightens the burden on the unintentional killer while ensuring the grieving family receives their rightful support.
2. Spiritual Expiation
In addition to the financial payment, he should free a believing slave to grant a life of freedom in exchange for the life lost. But if he does not find any, or is unable to do so, then he must fast for two consecutive months as an act of deep repentance.
The Quranic Command
(It is not lawful for a believer to kill another except by mistake. And whoever kills a believer unintentionally must free a believing slave and pay blood money to the victim's family unless they waive it charitably. But if the victim is a believer from a hostile people, then a believing slave must be freed. And if the victim is from a people bound with you in a treaty, then blood money must be paid to the family along with freeing a believing slave. Those who are unable, let them fast two consecutive months as a means of repentance to Allah. And Allah is All Knowing, All Wise.) Surah An Nisa'a 4: 92.
ما كفارة القتل الخطأ؟
يبين الجواب واجبين في القتل الخطأ من آية النساء 4:92: الدية لورثة القتيل تتحملها عاقلة القاتل من أقربائه الذكور من جهة الأب، والكفارة: عتق رقبة مؤمنة، فإن لم يجد فصيام شهرين متتابعين.
القتل الخطأ مأساة تؤثر بعمق على عائلتين. وللحفاظ على السلام وتقديم الخلاص الروحي، وضع الإسلام نظاما شاملا للكفارة. يوازن هذا النظام بين الحقوق المالية لورثة الضحية والتوبة الروحية المطلوبة من الشخص الذي تسبب في الوفاة العرضية.
الدية المالية
لأولياء الدم وهم ورثة القتيل الدية، تتحملها عائلة القاتل وهم أقرباؤه من جهة الأب من الذكور. وتخفف هذه المسؤولية المالية المشتركة العبء عن القاتل خطأ، مع ضمان حصول أسرة الضحية المكلومة على الدعم الذي تستحقه.
الكفارة الروحية
بالإضافة إلى الدية، يلزمه عتق رقبة مؤمنة. فإن لم يجد أو لم يستطع، فيجب عليه صيام شهرين متتابعين كتوبة خالصة لله تعالى.
الأمر القرآني
قال الله تعالى: (وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَن يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَأً ۚ وَمَن قَتَلَ مُؤْمِنًا خَطَأً فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ إِلَّا أَن يَصَّدَّقُوا ۚ فَإِن كَانَ مِن قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَّكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ ۖ وَإِن كَانَ مِن قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُم مِّيثَاقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ ۖ فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ تَوْبَةً مِّنَ اللَّهِ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا) النساء 4: 92.
1. The Killer's Clan Bears the Blood Money | الدية على العاقلة
Two women of Hudhayl fought, and one struck the other with a stone, killing her and the child in her womb. The Prophet ruled that the blood money for the unborn child was a slave, male or female, and that the woman's blood money was on the killer's clan (Sahih al-Bukhari 6910). Ibn Kathir quotes al-Shafi'i: I know of no one who disagrees that the Messenger of Allah ruled the blood money to be on the clan.
اقتتلت امرأتان من هذيل، فرمت إحداهما الأخرى بحجر فقتلتها وما في بطنها، فقضى النبي ﷺ أن دية جنينها غرة عبد أو وليدة، "وقضى دية المرأة على عاقلتها" (صحيح البخاري 6910). ونقل ابن كثير قول الشافعي: "لم أعلم مخالفا أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قضى بالدية على العاقلة".
2. Two Consecutive Months | شهران متتابعان
Ibn Kathir explains two consecutive months as fasting them without a break to the end; if he breaks the fast without an excuse such as illness, menstruation, or postnatal bleeding, he starts again, and scholars differ on whether travel breaks the sequence. The fasting is repentance from Allah for the accidental killer who cannot free a slave. Scholars also differ on whether one unable to fast must feed sixty poor people, as in the expiation for zihar.
فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ تَوْبَةً مِّنَ اللَّهِ (سورة النساء: 92)
قال ابن كثير في قوله تعالى (فمن لم يجد فصيام شهرين متتابعين): "أي: لا إفطار بينهما، بل يسرد صومهما إلى آخرهما، فإن أفطر من غير عذر، من مرض أو حيض أو نفاس، استأنف. واختلفوا في السفر: هل يقطع أم لا؟ على قولين"، وقال: "هذه توبة القاتل خطأ إذا لم يجد العتق صام شهرين متتابعين"، وذكر خلافا فيمن لا يستطيع الصيام: هل يجب عليه إطعام ستين مسكينا كما في كفارة الظهار.
3. The Family May Forgive the Blood Money | لأهل القتيل العفو عن الدية
The verse gives the blood money to the victim's family unless they waive it as charity (An-Nisa 4:92). The exception follows the blood money, which is their right; the expiation, freeing a slave or fasting, remains the killer's duty to Allah.
وَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ إِلَّا أَن يَصَّدَّقُوا (سورة النساء: 92)
جعل الله الدية لأهل القتيل إلا أن يتصدقوا بها (النساء 4:92)، والاستثناء عائد إلى الدية لأنها حقهم، أما الكفارة من عتق أو صيام فتبقى حقا لله على القاتل.
Scholarly Insight: The Prophet placed the blood money of an accidental killing on the killer's clan (Sahih al-Bukhari 6910), and al-Shafi'i, quoted by Ibn Kathir, knew of no one who disagreed. Sharing the burden protects the killer who meant no harm and guarantees the victim's family their right, while the expiation of freeing a slave or fasting two consecutive months remains the killer's own repentance (An-Nisa 4:92). Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nisa.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Who pays the blood money in an accidental killing?
The killer's clan, his male relatives on his father's side, as the answer states; the Prophet ruled the blood money of a woman killed by another woman to be on the killer's clan (Sahih al-Bukhari 6910).
What is the expiation for accidental killing?
Freeing a believing slave; whoever cannot find one fasts two consecutive months as repentance from Allah (An-Nisa 4:92).
What if the fast of the two months is broken?
Ibn Kathir explains that the two months are fasted without a break; if one breaks the fast without an excuse such as illness or menstruation, he starts again.
Can the victim's family forgive the blood money?
Yes; the verse says: unless they waive it as charity (An-Nisa 4:92). The expiation by freeing a slave or fasting remains the killer's duty to Allah.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →