Should Expiation for an Oath Come Before or After Breaking It?
هل كفارة اليمين تكون قبل الحنث أو تكون بعده؟ أي هل يخالف يمينه ثم يكفر أو يكفر ثم يخالف اليمين؟
Does the expiation for a broken oath happen before breaking the oath or after it?
The answer states that jurists permit offering the expiation before breaking the oath as well as after it: offered before, it releases the oath; offered after, it atones for it.
Sometimes a person swears an oath but later realizes that breaking it is the better course of action. This raises a practical question: should a person break his oath before he atones for it, or does he atone for his broken oath, then he breaks it?
1. The Permissibility of Both Timings
Scholars see that it is completely permissible to do it either way. A Muslim has the free choice to offer the expiation before actually breaking the oath, or they can choose to delay the expiation until after the oath has been broken.
2. The Difference in Effect
Although both timings are perfectly valid, the scholars explain the spiritual effect of each action. If the person offers the expiation beforehand, it serves to dissolve the oath legally. If they delay the expiation until after breaking the oath, it acts as a direct atonement for the broken oath.
هل كفارة اليمين تكون قبل الحنث أو تكون بعده؟
يبين الجواب أن الفقهاء يجيزون تقديم الكفارة على الحنث كما يجيزون تأخيرها عنه: فإن قدمها كانت محللة لليمين، وإن أخرها كانت مكفرة لها.
قد يقسم الإنسان يمينا ثم يدرك لاحقا أن الحنث فيها هو الخيار الأفضل. وهذا يطرح سؤالا عمليا: أي هل يخالف يمينه ثم يكفر أو يكفر ثم يخالف اليمين؟
جواز الأمرين
يرى الفقهاء أنه يجوز تقديم الكفارة على الحنث، كما يجوز تأخيرها عنه. فللمسلم الخيار المطلق في تحديد وقت إخراج الكفارة بناء على ما يتيسر له.
الفرق في الأثر
رغم صحة كلا التوقيتين، يوضح الفقهاء الأثر الروحي لكل فعل. لكن إن قدمها كانت محللة لليمين، وإن أخرها كانت مكفرة لها.
1. Both Orders in the Hadith | الترتيبان في الحديث
Abu Hurayra reported the Prophet saying: Whoever swears an oath and then sees something better, let him expiate his oath and do it, and in another wording: let him do what is better and expiate his oath (Sahih Muslim 1650). Abu Musa reported him saying: I do not swear an oath and then see something better without expiating my oath and doing what is better (Sahih Muslim 1649). The two orders are the basis for the answer.
روى أبو هريرة عن النبي ﷺ: "من حلف على يمين فرأى غيرها خيرا منها فليكفر عن يمينه وليفعل"، وفي لفظ: "فليأت الذي هو خير وليكفر عن يمينه" (صحيح مسلم 1650)، وروى أبو موسى قوله ﷺ: "إني والله إن شاء الله لا أحلف على يمين ثم أرى خيرا منها إلا كفرت عن يميني وأتيت الذي هو خير" (صحيح مسلم 1649). وعلى هذين الترتيبين بني الجواب.
2. Allah Has Ordained the Release of Your Oaths | قد فرض الله لكم تحلة أيمانكم
Allah says: Allah has ordained for you the release of your oaths (At-Tahrim 66:2). This is why the answer calls an expiation offered before breaking a release that dissolves the oath, and one offered after a covering for the broken oath; in one narration the Prophet said: I do what is better and release myself from it (Sahih Muslim 1649).
قَدْ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ تَحِلَّةَ أَيْمَانِكُمْ (سورة التحريم: 2)
قال الله تعالى: قد فرض الله لكم تحلة أيمانكم (التحريم 66:2). ولهذا سمى الجواب الكفارة المقدمة محللة لليمين، والمؤخرة مكفرة لها، وفي رواية قال ﷺ: "إلا أتيت الذي هو خير وتحللتها" (صحيح مسلم 1649).
3. Where the Schools Differ | موضع الخلاف
The Malikis, Shafi'is, and Hanbalis permit offering the expiation before breaking the oath, which is the view the answer gives. The Hanafis do not consider it valid before breaking, since expiation becomes due only by breaking the oath (al-Fiqh ala al-Madhahib al-Arba'a). All allow expiating after breaking.
ذهب المالكية والشافعية والحنابلة إلى جواز تقديم كفارة اليمين على الحنث، وهو ما ذكره الجواب، ولا يصح عند الحنفية إخراجها قبل الحنث لأنها إنما تجب بالحنث (الفقه على المذاهب الأربعة)، ويجوز تأخيرها بعد الحنث عند الجميع.
Scholarly Insight: The Prophet's words came in both orders, expiate and then do it, and do it and then expiate (Sahih Muslim 1650), and Allah calls the expiation a release of oaths (At-Tahrim 66:2). On this basis the Malikis, Shafi'is, and Hanbalis allow expiating before breaking, as the answer states, while the Hanafis require it after breaking. Read more in the tafsir of Surah At-Tahrim.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Can I pay the expiation before breaking my oath?
Yes, according to the answer and the Malikis, Shafi'is, and Hanbalis; the Prophet said: let him expiate his oath and do it (Sahih Muslim 1650). The Hanafis require breaking first.
What if I break the oath first and expiate afterwards?
That is valid by all; the Prophet also said: let him do what is better and expiate his oath (Sahih Muslim 1650).
What is the difference between the two?
The answer explains that an expiation offered before breaking releases the oath, while one offered after atones for the broken oath.
Why is the expiation called a release of the oath?
Allah says: Allah has ordained for you the release of your oaths (At-Tahrim 66:2), and the Prophet said he would do what is better and release himself from the oath (Sahih Muslim 1649).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →