When Did the Prophet (PBUH) Start Receiving Revelation?
متى بُعث الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم؟
Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) started receiving Divine Inspiration at the age of forty. The Archangel Jibril peace be upon him went to him when he was in the cave Hira on a Monday on the seventeenth day of Ramadan. “The angel said: Recite, to which he replied: I am not lettered. He took hold of him and pressed him, till he was in pain. Thereafter he let him go and said: Recite. He said: I am not lettered”, three times. He then said: (Read, ˹O Prophet, ˺ in the Name of your Lord Who created - created humans from a clinging clot. Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous, Who taught by the pen - taught humanity what they knew not.)
بُعث صلى الله عليه وسلم لأربعين سنة، فنزل عليه المَلَك جبريل عليه السلام بحراء يوم الاثنين لسبع عشرة ليلة خلت من رمضان، فلما نزل عليه المَلَك قال له: اقرأ.. قال: لست بقارئ، فغطاه المَلَك حتى بلغ منه الجهد، ثم قال له اقرأ..فقال: لست بقارئ ثلاثا. ثم قال:(اقرأ باسم ربك الذي خلق * خلق الإنسان من علق * اقرأ وربك الأكرم* الذي علم بالقلم * علم الإنسان ما لم يعلم) (العلق 96: 1-5).
1. The Age of Forty: Maturity of Prophetic Commission | سن الأربعين
Ibn Abbas said: "The Messenger of Allah was sent at forty, then stayed in Mecca thirteen years receiving revelation" (Sahih al-Bukhari 3902). The Quran names forty as the age of full strength: "when the child reaches their prime at the age of forty" (46:15).
حَتَّىٰ إِذَا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ وَبَلَغَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً قَالَ رَبِّ أَوْزِعْنِي أَنْ أَشْكُرَ نِعْمَتَكَ (سورة الأحقاف: 15)
قال ابن عباس: «بعث رسول الله ﷺ لأربعين سنة، فمكث بمكة ثلاث عشرة سنة يوحى إليه» (صحيح البخاري 3902). وقد قرن الله تعالى بلوغ الأربعين ببلوغ الأشد: (حَتَّىٰ إِذَا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ وَبَلَغَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً) (الأحقاف 46: 15).
2. The Month of Ramadan and Laylat al-Qadr | شهر رمضان وليلة القدر
The Quran says it was revealed in Ramadan (2:185) and on the Night of Glory (97:1). Ibn Kathir says the well-known view is that he was sent in Ramadan, as Ubayd ibn Umayr and Ibn Ishaq stated, Ibn Ishaq citing 2:185; another view puts it in Rabi' al-Awwal. For the day, Ibn Kathir records al-Waqidi's report from Abu Ja'far al-Baqir, Monday the seventeenth of Ramadan, the date the scholar gives here, and another view, the twenty-fourth; in his answer on the month of the first revelation the scholar cites al-Mubarakfuri's reckoning of the twenty-first.
شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ هُدًى لِّلنَّاسِ (سورة البقرة: 185)
أخبر الله تعالى أن القرآن أُنزل في رمضان: (شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ) (البقرة 2: 185)، وفي ليلة القدر: (إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ) (القدر 97: 1). وذكر ابن كثير أن المشهور أنه بعث في شهر رمضان كما نص على ذلك عبيد بن عمير ومحمد بن إسحاق، واستدل ابن إسحاق بآية البقرة، وقيل: كان ذلك في ربيع الأول. وفي تحديد اليوم روى الواقدي عن أبي جعفر الباقر أنه كان يوم الاثنين لسبع عشرة ليلة خلت من رمضان، وبه أخذ الجواب هنا، وقيل: في الرابع والعشرين، كما نقل ابن كثير، وفي الجواب عن شهر بدء الوحي نقلٌ عن المباركفوري أنه الحادي والعشرون.
3. The Day of the Week: The Blessed Monday | يوم الاثنين
Asked about fasting on Mondays, the Prophet ﷺ said: "That is the day on which I was born, and the day on which I was sent, or revelation came down to me" (Sahih Muslim 1162). Ibn Kathir notes that there is no disagreement that it was a Monday.
سئل النبي ﷺ عن صوم يوم الاثنين فقال: «ذاك يوم ولدت فيه، ويوم بعثت أو أنزل علي فيه» (صحيح مسلم 1162). وقال ابن كثير: إنه أوحي إليه يوم الاثنين، وهذا ما لا خلاف فيه بينهم.
4. The Place: The Cave of Hira | المكان: غار حراء
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) reports that seclusion was made dear to him and he would worship in the cave of Hira for many nights, until the truth came to him while he was there and the angel said: "Read" (Sahih al-Bukhari 3).
اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ (سورة العلق: 1)
روت عائشة أنه حبب إليه الخلاء، فكان يخلو بغار حراء فيتحنث فيه الليالي ذوات العدد، حتى جاءه الحق وهو في غار حراء، فجاءه المَلَك فقال: اقرأ (صحيح البخاري 3).
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir reports Ibn Abbas and others' explanation of the descent on the Night of Decree (97:1): “Allah sent the Quran down all at once from the Preserved Tablet to the House of Honor in the lowest heaven. Then it descended in separate portions according to events over twenty-three years upon the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him.” See the stages and timing of revelation. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Qadr.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
At what age did Prophet Muhammad receive the first revelation?
At forty (Sahih al-Bukhari 3902).
In which month of the year did the first revelation descend?
In Ramadan, the well-known view recorded by Ibn Kathir; the Quran says it was revealed in Ramadan (2:185) on the Night of Glory (97:1).
On which day of the week did revelation begin?
On a Monday: the Prophet ﷺ said Monday was the day he was born and the day revelation came to him (Sahih Muslim 1162).
Where was the Prophet when Gabriel first appeared to him?
In the cave of Hira, where he used to seclude himself in worship (Sahih al-Bukhari 3).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →