What Is the False Oath (Al-Yamin Al-Ghamus)?
ما هي اليمين الغموس؟
What is the false oath (Al Yameen Al Ghamus)?
The answer defines the ghamus oath as swearing deliberately and falsely about a past or future matter, named so because it plunges its owner into the Fire; it has no expiation, and it is among the major sins: the Prophet named it after associating partners with Allah and disobedience to parents (al-Bukhari 6920).
While unintentional oaths are forgiven and broken oaths require a specific penalty, the false deliberate oath stands alone in its severity. Islamic law views intentionally using the name of Allah to deceive others as a profound spiritual crime that destroys trust within the community.
Definition and Consequences
It is to swear about a false past or future matter deliberately. It is called so because it dips its owner in the fire. Due to the extreme intentional disrespect of invoking Allah's name for a lie, there is no atonement for such an oath. Unlike a regular broken oath where one can feed the poor or fast to make amends, the false oath requires deep, sincere repentance to Allah directly.
A Major Sin in Islam
The false oath is considered a major sin, often used to steal rights or property. This is heavily emphasized in the prophetic traditions.
For it was reported from the Prophet, peace be upon him: "A Bedouin came to the Prophet and said, 'O Allah's Apostle! What are the major sins?' The Prophet said, 'To join others in worship with Allah.' The Bedouin said, 'What is next?' The Prophet said, 'To be undutiful to one's parents.' The Bedouin said 'What is next?' The Prophet said 'To take an oath Al Ghamus.' The Bedouin said, 'What is an oath Al Ghamus?' The Prophet said, 'The oath by which one takes the property of a Muslim while lying in it.'" (Sahih al-Bukhari 6920)
ما هي اليمين الغموس؟
يعرف الجواب اليمين الغموس بأنها الحلف على أمر ماض أو مستقبل كاذبا عامدا، وسميت بذلك لأنها تغمس صاحبها في النار، ولا كفارة لها، وهي من الكبائر: ذكرها النبي ﷺ بعد الإشراك بالله وعقوق الوالدين (البخاري 6920).
في حين يتم التجاوز عن الأيمان غير المقصودة وتتطلب الأيمان المنعقدة المكسورة كفارة محددة، فإن اليمين الكاذبة المتعمدة تقف وحدها في شدتها. تنظر الشريعة الإسلامية إلى الاستخدام المتعمد لاسم الله لخداع الآخرين كجريمة روحية عميقة تدمر الثقة داخل المجتمع.
التعريف والعواقب
أن يحلف على أمر ماض أو مستقبل كاذبا عامدا فتلك اليمين الغموس. سميت بذلك لأنها تغمس صاحبها في النار. وبسبب التعمد الشديد لعدم الاحترام باستدعاء اسم الله على كذبة، فإن ذلك الحلف لا كفارة له. وعلى عكس اليمين العادية التي يمكن التكفير عنها، تتطلب اليمين الغموس توبة نصوحا وعميقة لله مباشرة.
من كبائر الذنوب في الإسلام
ويعد اليمين الغموس من الكبائر التي تستخدم غالبا لسلب الحقوق والممتلكات.
لما ورد عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: (جاء أعرابي إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، فقال: يا رسول الله، ما الكبائر؟ قال: الإشراك بالله، قال: ثم ماذا؟ قال: ثم عقوق الوالدين، قال: ثم ماذا؟ قال: اليمين الغموس، قلت: وما اليمين الغموس؟ قال: الذي يقتطع مال امرئ مسلم هو فيها كاذب) (صحيح البخاري 6920).
1. Meeting Allah While He Is Angry | لقي الله وهو عليه غضبان
The Prophet said: Whoever swears a binding oath, lying in it, to take the wealth of a Muslim, will meet Allah on the Day of Resurrection while He is angry with him (Sahih al-Bukhari 6676). Al-Ash'ath said this was said about a dispute of his over a well, and Allah revealed: those who sell the covenant of Allah and their oaths for a small price will have no share in the Hereafter (Al Imran 3:77).
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَشْتَرُونَ بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَيْمَانِهِمْ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا أُولَٰئِكَ لَا خَلَاقَ لَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ (سورة آل عمران: 77)
قال النبي ﷺ: "من حلف على يمين صبر، وهو فيها فاجر، يقتطع بها مال امرئ مسلم، لقي الله يوم القيامة وهو عليه غضبان" (صحيح البخاري 6676). وذكر الأشعث أنها قيلت في خصومة له في بئر، فأنزل الله: إن الذين يشترون بعهد الله وأيمانهم ثمنا قليلا أولئك لا خلاق لهم في الآخرة (آل عمران 3:77).
2. Among the Major Sins | من الكبائر
Abdullah ibn Amr reported the Prophet saying: The major sins are associating partners with Allah, disobedience to parents, killing a soul, and the ghamus oath (Sahih al-Bukhari 6675). The longer narration in the answer, with the Bedouin's question, is in Sahih al-Bukhari 6920.
روى عبد الله بن عمرو عن النبي ﷺ قال: "الكبائر: الإشراك بالله، وعقوق الوالدين، وقتل النفس، واليمين الغموس" (صحيح البخاري 6675). والرواية المطولة التي في الجواب بسؤال الأعرابي في صحيح البخاري 6920.
3. Is There Expiation? | هل فيها كفارة؟
The answer states that the ghamus oath has no expiation, which is the view of the Hanafis, the Malikis, and the apparent position of the Hanbali school: the sin is too great for expiation, and it requires repentance. Ibn Mas'ud said: we used to count the ghamus oath among the oaths that have no expiation. The Shafi'is, and the Hanbalis in one narration, hold that expiation is due as well (islamweb, fatwa 110773).
ذكر الجواب أن اليمين الغموس لا كفارة لها، وهو قول الحنفية والمالكية وظاهر مذهب الحنابلة، لأنها أعظم من أن تكفر، فلا بد فيها من التوبة، وقال ابن مسعود: "كنا نعد من اليمين التي لا كفارة لها اليمين الغموس". وذهب الشافعية والحنابلة في رواية إلى وجوب الكفارة فيها (إسلام ويب، الفتوى 110773).
Scholarly Insight: The Prophet listed the ghamus oath with associating partners with Allah and disobedience to parents among the major sins (Sahih al-Bukhari 6920), and warned that whoever swears falsely to take a Muslim's wealth will meet Allah while He is angry with him (Sahih al-Bukhari 6676). The majority hold that no expiation removes it, only repentance and returning what was taken, while the Shafi'is require expiation as well. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al Imran.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Is there an expiation for the ghamus oath?
The answer says no, which is the view of the Hanafis, the Malikis, and the Hanbali school: it is too great to be expiated and requires repentance. The Shafi'is, and the Hanbalis in one narration, require expiation as well.
What does ghamus mean?
It means plunging; the answer explains that the oath is called so because it plunges its owner into the Fire.
Where is the ghamus oath named among the major sins?
The Prophet named it after associating partners with Allah and disobedience to parents, explaining it as the oath by which one takes a Muslim's property while lying (Sahih al-Bukhari 6920).
What awaits one who swears falsely to take others' property?
The Prophet said he will meet Allah on the Day of Resurrection while He is angry with him (Sahih al-Bukhari 6676), and Allah says such people have no share in the Hereafter (Al Imran 3:77).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →