When Is Expiation for a Broken Oath Required?
متى تجب الكفارة في اليمين؟
When is atonement for the broken oath required?
The answer sets three conditions for expiation: the oath is binding (intended, not thoughtless), the swearer chose it freely, and he breaks it by doing the opposite of what he swore; the expiation is then as in Al-Ma'idah 5:89: feeding or clothing ten poor people or freeing a slave, and if none is possible, fasting three days.
Islam respects the sanctity of an oath made in the name of Allah. However, because humans are prone to changing circumstances and making mistakes, Islamic law provides a merciful way out through atonement (Kaffarah) when keeping the oath becomes impossible or unfavorable.
The Three Conditions for Atonement
Atonement is obligatory in the following conditions:
1. A Deliberate Oath
The oath is taken deliberately. This means it is a firm, intended oath originating from the heart, unlike a thoughtless slip of the tongue for which there is no accountability.
2. Willingness and Free Choice
The swearer takes such oath willingly. The individual must make the oath out of their own free will, without being forced or coerced by someone else.
3. Breaking the Oath
To break his oath by doing the opposite of what he has taken the oath for. Atonement only becomes due when the actual violation occurs.
The Quranic Command and Expiation Options
Allah the Almighty says: (Allah will not call you to account for your thoughtless oaths, but He will hold you accountable for deliberate oaths. The penalty for a broken oath is to feed ten poor people from what you normally feed your own family, or to clothe them, or to free a bondsperson. But if none of this is affordable, then you must fast three days. This is the penalty for breaking your oaths. So be mindful of your oaths. This is how Allah makes things clear to you, so perhaps you will be grateful.) Surah Al Ma'idah 5: 89.
متى تجب الكفارة في اليمين؟
يشترط الجواب لوجوب الكفارة ثلاثة شروط: أن تكون اليمين منعقدة، وأن يكون الحالف مختارا، وأن يحنث بفعل خلاف ما حلف عليه، والكفارة كما في المائدة 5:89: إطعام عشرة مساكين أو كسوتهم أو تحرير رقبة، فمن لم يجد فصيام ثلاثة أيام.
يحترم الإسلام قدسية القسم باسم الله. ومع ذلك، ولأن البشر عرضة لتغير الظروف وارتكاب الأخطاء، توفر الشريعة الإسلامية مخرجا رحيما من خلال الكفارة عندما يصبح الوفاء بالقسم مستحيلا أو غير مستحب.
شروط وجوب الكفارة الثلاثة
تجب الكفارة بشروط:
1. اليمين المنعقدة
أن تكون اليمين منعقدة. وهذا يعني أنه قسم مقصود نابع من القلب، وليس مجرد لغو عابر على اللسان لا حساب عليه.
2. الاختيار
أن يكون الحالف مختارا. أي أن الشخص أقسم بمحض إرادته الحرة، دون أن يكون مجبرا أو مكرها من قبل شخص آخر.
3. الحنث في اليمين
أن يحنث في يمينه بأن يفعل خلاف ما حلف على تركه. فلا تجب الكفارة إلا عند وقوع المخالفة الفعلية للقسم.
الأمر القرآني وخيارات الكفارة
قال الله تعالى: (لَا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا عَقَّدتُّمُ الْأَيْمَانَ ۖ فَكَفَّارَتُهُ إِطْعَامُ عَشَرَةِ مَسَاكِينَ مِنْ أَوْسَطِ مَا تُطْعِمُونَ أَهْلِيكُمْ أَوْ كِسْوَتُهُمْ أَوْ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ ۖ فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ كَفَّارَةُ أَيْمَانِكُمْ إِذَا حَلَفْتُمْ ۚ وَاحْفَظُوا أَيْمَانَكُمْ ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ آيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ) المائدة 5: 89.
1. Do What Is Better and Expiate | فليأت الذي هو خير وليكفر
The Prophet told Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura: If you swear an oath and then see something better than it, expiate your oath and do what is better (Sahih al-Bukhari 6622). Breaking a binding oath is not always blameworthy: when keeping it would mean leaving a better deed, the believer does the better deed and pays the expiation.
قال النبي ﷺ لعبد الرحمن بن سمرة: "وإذا حلفت على يمين فرأيت غيرها خيرا منها، فكفر عن يمينك، وأت الذي هو خير" (صحيح البخاري 6622). فالحنث في اليمين المنعقدة ليس مذموما دائما؛ فإذا كان البر بها يفوت خيرا أفضل، فعل المؤمن الخير وكفر.
2. An Oath Under Coercion | اليمين مع الإكراه
The Prophet said: Allah has pardoned my nation for mistakes, forgetfulness, and what they are coerced into (Sunan Ibn Majah 2045, graded sahih by al-Albani). This is the basis of the answer's second condition: the swearer must choose freely, so an oath forced out of him does not bind him to expiation.
إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ (سورة النحل: 106)
قال النبي ﷺ: "إن الله وضع عن أمتي الخطأ والنسيان وما استكرهوا عليه" (سنن ابن ماجه 2045، وصححه الألباني). وهذا أصل الشرط الثاني في الجواب: أن يكون الحالف مختارا، فاليمين التي يكره عليها لا تلزمه بها كفارة.
3. The Details of the Expiation | تفاصيل الكفارة
Ibn Kathir reports from Ibn Abbas, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, and Ikrimah that from the average of what you feed your families means the fairest of what you feed them. On the three days of fasting, scholars differ: Malik, and al-Shafi'i in one text, do not require them to be consecutive, while the Hanafis, the Hanbalis, and al-Shafi'i in another text in al-Umm require them consecutive, based on the reading of Ubayy ibn Ka'b and Ibn Mas'ud: three consecutive days.
نقل ابن كثير عن ابن عباس وسعيد بن جبير وعكرمة في قوله تعالى (من أوسط ما تطعمون أهليكم): "أي من أعدل ما تطعمون أهليكم". وذكر في صيام الأيام الثلاثة قولين: لا يجب التتابع، وهو منصوص الشافعي في كتاب الأيمان وقول مالك، ويجب التتابع، وهو نص الشافعي في الأم وقول الحنفية والحنابلة، لما روي عن أبي بن كعب وابن مسعود أنهما كانا يقرآنها: "فصيام ثلاثة أيام متتابعات".
Scholarly Insight: The verse gives a choice between feeding ten poor people, clothing them, or freeing a slave, and only one who cannot do any of these fasts three days (Al-Ma'idah 5:89); Ibn Kathir explains "from the average of what you feed your families" as the fairest of it, and notes the scholars' difference on whether the three days must be consecutive. The Prophet also taught that if a better course appears, one expiates and does what is better (Sahih al-Bukhari 6622). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Ma'idah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What conditions make expiation obligatory?
The answer names three: the oath is binding and intended, the swearer took it freely, and he breaks it by doing the opposite of what he swore.
What is the expiation for a broken oath?
Feeding ten poor people from the average of what you feed your family, or clothing them, or freeing a slave; whoever cannot, fasts three days (Al-Ma'idah 5:89).
Can I fast three days instead of feeding the poor?
Only if you cannot feed or clothe them; the verse says: whoever cannot find, then fasting three days (Al-Ma'idah 5:89). Scholars differ on whether the days must be consecutive.
Should I keep an oath if something better appears?
No. The Prophet said: if you swear an oath and then see something better, expiate your oath and do what is better (Sahih al-Bukhari 6622).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →