What Is Meant by Thoughtless Oaths in Al-Baqarah 2:225?
قال الله تعالى: (لَّا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ) البقرة 2: 225، ما المراد باللغو في اليمين؟
What does thoughtless oaths mean?
The answer explains the thoughtless oath as one that comes out of the tongue without intention, as Ibn Abbas explained it and as Aisha described: a man saying no, by Allah, and yes, by Allah; Allah does not hold people accountable for it (2:225), unlike the binding oath about a future matter, which requires expiation when broken.
In Islamic jurisprudence, an oath (Yameen) means to swear or take a pledge. Because human beings often develop habits of speech, Islamic law differentiates between words spoken carelessly and words spoken with firm intent.
1. The Meaning of Thoughtless Oaths
It means the oath that comes out of the tongue unintentionally. Ibn Abbas interpreted the thoughtless oath as that which is uttered by a person during his speech unintentionally.
A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, provided a practical example. She said: "It is the thoughtless oath the man's saying: No, by Allah or, yes, by Allah, with his tongue unintentionally." In other words, it is a man's talk with people without deliberately lying.
2. The Quranic Ruling
Allah the Almighty states clearly that there is no sin or penalty for these unintentional verbal habits:
(Allah will not call you to account for your thoughtless oaths). Surah Al Baqarah 2: 225.
3. The Intended Oath
The other oath is the binding oath, in which a person swears by Allah, by one of His attributes, or by His might, about a possible future matter; it requires intention, and breaking it requires expiation.
ما المراد باللغو في اليمين؟
يبين الجواب أن لغو اليمين هو اليمين الذي يخرج من اللسان من غير قصد، كما فسره ابن عباس ووصفته عائشة بقول الرجل: لا والله وبلى والله، ولا يؤاخذ الله به (البقرة 2:225)، بخلاف اليمين المنعقدة على أمر مستقبل التي توجب الكفارة عند الحنث.
في الفقه الإسلامي، المقصود باليمين هو الحلف أو القسم. ولأن البشر غالبا ما يطورون عادات في الكلام، فإن الشريعة الإسلامية تفرق بين الكلمات التي تقال بعفوية والكلمات التي تقال بنية راسخة.
معنى لغو اليمين
المراد به: اليمين الذي يخرج من اللسان من غير قصد. وفسر ابن عباس يمين اللغو بأنه ما خرج من الشخص أثناء حديثه دون أن يكون قاصدا له.
وقالت عائشة رضي الله عنها في توضيح ذلك: "هو قول الرجل: لا والله وبلى والله، بلسانه من غير قصد". أي هو حديث الرجل مع الناس من غير تعمد الكذب.
الحكم القرآني
يصرح الله تعالى بوضوح أنه لا إثم ولا كفارة على هذه العادات اللفظية غير المقصودة:
قال الله تعالى: (لَّا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ) البقرة 2: 225.
اليمين المنعقدة
أما اليمين الأخرى فهي اليمين المنعقدة التي يحلف فيها بالله أو بصفة من صفاته عز وجل وعزة الله على أمر مستقبل ممكن، وهذه تتطلب النية وتوجب الكفارة عند الحنث بها.
1. Aisha's Explanation | تفسير عائشة
Aisha said: This verse, Allah will not call you to account for thoughtless oaths, was revealed about a man's saying: No, by Allah, and yes, by Allah (Sahih al-Bukhari 4613). Ibn Kathir also reports her words through Abd al-Razzaq: they are people disputing a matter, one says no, by Allah, and yes, by Allah, and certainly not, by Allah, while their hearts do not bind themselves to it.
لَّا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا كَسَبَتْ قُلُوبُكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ (سورة البقرة: 225)
قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها: "أنزلت هذه الآية (لا يؤاخذكم الله باللغو في أيمانكم) في قول الرجل: لا والله، وبلى والله" (صحيح البخاري 4613). ونقل ابن كثير عنها من رواية عبد الرزاق: "هم القوم يتدارؤون في الأمر، فيقول هذا: لا والله، وبلى والله، وكلا والله، يتدارؤون في الأمر لا تعقد عليه قلوبهم".
2. Accountable for What the Heart Intends | المؤاخذة بما كسبت القلوب
Ibn Kathir explains that Allah does not punish or bind you for thoughtless oaths, which the swearer does not intend and which run on his tongue by habit, without binding or emphasis; but He holds you accountable for what your hearts have earned (Al-Baqarah 2:225), and Ibn Abbas and Mujahid said this is swearing to something one knows to be a lie. In Al-Ma'idah Allah says: but He will hold you accountable for the oaths you bind (5:89).
قال ابن كثير: "أي: لا يعاقبكم ولا يلزمكم بما صدر منكم من الأيمان اللاغية، وهي التي لا يقصدها الحالف، بل تجري على لسانه عادة من غير تعقيد ولا تأكيد"، وقال في قوله تعالى (ولكن يؤاخذكم بما كسبت قلوبكم) (البقرة 2:225): "قال ابن عباس ومجاهد وغير واحد: هو أن يحلف على الشيء وهو يعلم أنه كاذب"، وهي كقوله في المائدة: ولكن يؤاخذكم بما عقدتم الأيمان (المائدة 5:89).
3. Other Views Among the Early Scholars | أقوال أخرى عند السلف
Ibn Kathir reports that the explanation in the answer is narrated from Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas in one of his views, al-Sha'bi, Ata, Mujahid in one view, and others. Another view, from Abu Hurayra, Ibn Abbas in another view, and Sa'id ibn Jubayr, is that a thoughtless oath is swearing to something one believes true when it is not. Ibn Abbas is also reported as saying it is an oath sworn in anger.
ذكر ابن كثير أن القول المذكور في الجواب مروي عن ابن عمر، وابن عباس في أحد أقواله، والشعبي، وعطاء، ومجاهد في أحد قوليه، وغيرهم، وأن من السلف من قال: هو أن يحلف على الشيء يظنه صدقا فيكون على غير ما حلف عليه، وروي عن أبي هريرة، وابن عباس في أحد قوليه، وسعيد بن جبير، وروي عن ابن عباس أيضا: "لغو اليمين أن تحلف وأنت غضبان".
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir explains that the thoughtless oath is one the swearer does not intend, which runs on his tongue by habit, and that Allah holds people accountable instead for what their hearts have earned (Al-Baqarah 2:225) and for the oaths they bind (Al-Ma'idah 5:89). Aisha said the verse was revealed about a man saying: no, by Allah, and yes, by Allah (Sahih al-Bukhari 4613). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Baqarah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Must I expiate if I say By Allah without meaning an oath?
No. The answer explains that an oath which comes out of the tongue without intention is a thoughtless oath, and Allah does not call people to account for it (Al-Baqarah 2:225).
What is the difference between a thoughtless oath and a binding oath?
A thoughtless oath is unintended; a binding oath is sworn by Allah or His attributes about a possible future matter, requires intention, and requires expiation when broken, as the answer explains.
How did Aisha explain the thoughtless oath?
She said the verse was revealed about a man saying: no, by Allah, and yes, by Allah (Sahih al-Bukhari 4613).
Did the early scholars have other views on the thoughtless oath?
Yes. Ibn Kathir reports a view from Abu Hurayra, Ibn Abbas in another view, and Sa'id ibn Jubayr that it is swearing to something one believes true when it is not, and from Ibn Abbas that it is an oath sworn in anger.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →