Did the Prophet (PBUH) Forbid His Companions From Writing His Sayings?
ما حقيقة منع النبي ﷺ لأصحابه من تدوين سنته في حياته؟
Narrated Muslim in his Sahih from the Hadith of AbiSa‘īd al-Khidri that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: “Do not write down anything from me, and he who wrote down anything from me except the Qur’an, he should erase it. But, narrate from me, for there is nothing wrong in doing so. Whoever attributes any falsehood to me - Hammām said: I think he also said ‘deliberately’ - let him occupy his seat in Hellfire.”)
The meaning of the Hadith is: The Prophet, peace be upon him, forbade people from writing his Ahadeeth and whatever he told them about, but he excluded the Noble Quran, permitting people to write it down.
In some Ahadeeth the Prophet, peace be upon him, permitted some of the Companions to write down his Ahadeeth, so the scholars have different opinions regarding the meaning of the prohibition that had several aspects, including:
The prohibition was at the beginning of the mission and the Islamic era, then when the Qur’an and Islam started to be established firmly, the Prophet, peace be upon him, authorized writing His Ahadeeth. Narrated Abdullah Ibn Amr Ibn al-‘As: I used to write everything which I heard from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). I intended (by it) to memorize it. The Quraysh prohibited me saying: Do you write everything that you hear from him while the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) is a human being: he speaks in anger and pleasure? So I stopped writing, and mentioned it to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). He signaled with his finger to his mouth and said: Write, by Him in Whose hand my soul lies, only right comes out from it.”
Because of this hadith, some scholars said that the prohibition was only for writing the Qur’an along with the Hadith on the same record, which might have confused the reader.
What is certain is that much of the Sunnah of the Prophet, peace be upon him, was written down during the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him, as was written down by Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas. Also, records were found under the names of the noble Companions, written down with their own hands, such as Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas, and Ali bin Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with them all. Furthermore, some sound Ahadeeth were written down from whatever Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with him, had memorized, and it is called the authenticated record, Moreover, the records of Jabir bin Abdullah Al-Ansari and Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari were written down. Some of these records were written down during the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him, and some after his death.
Note: The earlier published wording called this record al-Sahifah al-Sadiqah. That is the name of Abdullah ibn Amr’s scroll, of which he said, “This is al-Sahifah al-Sadiqah, which I heard from the Messenger of Allah” (al-Dhahabi, Siyar A’lam al-Nubala’), while what Abu Hurairah narrated to Hammam ibn Munabbih, a Successor, is al-Sahifah al-Sahihah, the name the scholar gives at the start of the same sentence. The earlier wording also said that all these records were written down in the Prophet’s lifetime; Hammam’s record was taken from Abu Hurairah after it (Sahih Muslim 129: “This is what Abu Hurairah narrated to us”), as the conclusion of this answer says. Both places were corrected.
Undoubtedly, the Sunnah of the Prophet, peace be upon him, was not written down comprehensively during the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him; rather, the writing was done by individuals, for the reasons mentioned above. However, one should remember that the Arabs relied on their memory in transmitting poems, speeches, stories, lineages, and so on. They are known for their good memory and great ability of memorization. They relied on their good memory in transmitting the Ahadeeth of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.
The aforementioned Hadith narrated by Abi Sa‘īd al-Khidri, “…But, narrate from me, for there is nothing wrong in doing so. Whoever attributes any falsehood to me - Hammām said: I think he also said ‘deliberately’ - let him occupy his seat in Hellfire”, refers to the dependence of the Companions on their memorization in narration, so how would someone have narrated the Hadith had he not depended on his ability to memorize? And how would he warn against lying about him unless people were narrating his reports from the memory through which they also transmitted poetry, lineages, stories, and the like?
Had the Prophet, peace be upon him, believed that the memory of his Companions was poor, he would not have forbidden them from writing down his Ahadeeth, given the Sunnah explains the Qur’an, clarifies its meanings, and goes into the details of the things mentioned in general. Otherwise, prohibiting the writing down of the Sunnah would have contradicted logic and wisdom, because Allah the Almighty said to His Prophet, peace be upon him: “…so that you may explain to people what has been revealed”. [An-Nahl: 16-44]. So, how would he explain something to them then leave it to be forgotten?! How would he even forbid them to make use of the available means to keep that explanation?!! This is what the mind never accepts to attribute to a great leader who is successful in his leadership, so how about attributing it to the Prophet, peace be upon him, who led such a great civilization that spread all over the farthest countries of the East and the farthest countries of the West!!
In conclusion: All Sunnah was kept in the hearts of the honorable Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, before the death of the Prophet, peace be upon him, and some of the Sunnah was written down during his life, peace be upon him, and the rest of the Sunnah was written down after his death from the memory of the Companions who had memorized it.
روى مسلم في صحيحه من حديث أبي سعيد الخدري أن رسول الله ﷺ قال: ” لا تَكْتُبُوا عَنِّي، ومَن كَتَبَ عَنِّي غيرَ القُرْآنِ فَلْيَمْحُهُ، وحَدِّثُوا عَنِّي، ولا حَرَجَ، ومَن كَذَبَ عَلَيَّ مُتَعَمِّدًا فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ مَقْعَدَهُ مِنَ النَّارِ”.
معنى الحديث: أن النبي ﷺ نهى عن كتابة حديثه وما يخبر به، واسْتَثْنى مِما تجوز كتابته القرآن الكريم، أما ما دونه فإنه لا يكتب ويأمر بمحوه ومسحه.
ولما كانت هناك أحاديث تأمر بالكتابة وتأذن لبعض الصحابة في كتابة شيء من حديثه ﷺ اختلف العلماء في معنى النهي الوارد على عدة أوجه ومن ذلك:
إنَّ النهي كان في أوَّلِ البعثة وأول الإسلام، ثم لما استقر أمر القرآن والإسلام أذن النبي ﷺ بالكتابة كما قال عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص-رَضِيَ اللهُ عنهما-: ” كنتُ أكتُبُ كلَّ شيءٍ أسمَعُهُ مِن رسولِ اللهِ ﷺ أُريدُ حِفْظَهُ، فنهَتْني قريشٌ، وقالوا: أتكتُبُ كلَّ شيءٍ تسمَعُهُ ورسولُ اللهِ ﷺ بشَرٌ يتكلَّمُ في الغضبِ والرِّضا؟! فأمسَكْتُ عَنِ الكِتابِ، فذكَرْتُ ذلك لرسولِ اللهِ ﷺ فأَوْمأَ بإِصْبَعِهِ إلى فِيهِ، فقال: اكتُبْ؛ فوالذي نفْسي بيدِهِ، ما يخرُجُ منه إلَّا حقٌّ”.
ومن أجل ذلك الحديث ذهب بعض العلماء إلى أن النهي إنما كان عن أن يكتب القرآن مع الحديث في صَحيفةٍ واحدَةٍ؛ فذلك يؤدي للاختلاط والاشتباه على القارئ.
الأمر المتيقن أن السنة النبوية قد دون كثير منها في حياة النبي ﷺ كما كان يدونه عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص، وقد وجدت صحائف بأسماء الصحابة الكرام دونوها بأيديهم مثل عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص، وعلي بن أبي طالب-رضي الله عنهم أجمعين-، كما دونت بعض الصحيفة الصحيحة-مثلا-عن حفظ أبي هريرة-رضي الله عنه-، وتسمى الصحيفة الصحيحة، ودونت صحيفة جابر بن عبد الله الأنصاري، وصحيفة أبي موسى الأشعري، وقد دُوّن بعض هذه الصحف في حياة النبي ﷺ وبعضها بعد وفاته.
ملاحظة: جاء في النص المنشور سابقا: (وتسمى الصحيفة الصادقة)، والصادقة صحيفة عبد الله بن عمرو، قال عنها: «إن هذه الصحيفة الصادقة التي سمعتها من رسول الله ﷺ» (سير أعلام النبلاء للذهبي)، أما ما حدث به أبو هريرة رضي الله عنه همام بن منبه، وهو من التابعين، فهو الصحيفة الصحيحة كما سماها الشيخ في أول الجملة. وجاء فيه أيضا: (وكل هذه الصحف إنما دونها الصحابة الكرام في حياة النبي ﷺ)، وصحيفة همام كتبت عن أبي هريرة بعد وفاته ﷺ، كما في صحيح مسلم (129): (عن همام بن منبه قال: هذا ما حدثنا أبو هريرة)، وهو ما تقرره خلاصة الجواب، فصُحح الموضعان.
الذي لا شك فيه أن السنة النبوية لم تدون في حياة النبي ﷺ باستقصاء كامل، وإنما كان التدوين شخصيًّا-للأسباب التي سبق ذكرها-، ولكن الذي لا بد من الالتفات إليه أن العرب كانوا يعتمدون على ذاكرتهم في نقل الأشعار والخطب والقصص والأنساب ونحو ذلك، فهم معروفون بقوة الذاكرة وسرعة الحفظ، ومثل ذلك الاعتماد على الذاكرة في نقل حديث رسول الله ﷺ.
حديث أبي سعيد الخدري المتقدم: ” وحَدِّثُوا عَنِّي، ولا حَرَجَ، ومَن كَذَبَ عَلَيَّ مُتَعَمِّدًا فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ مَقْعَدَهُ مِنَ النَّارِ” يشير إلى اعتماد الصحابة على الحفظ في الرواية، فكيف ستحصل الرواية عنه إلا من خلال الحفظ؟ وكيف يحذر من الكذب عليه إلا والناس تروي خبره من ذاكرتهم التي رووا من خلالها الأشعار والأنساب والقصص ونحو ذلك؟
لو تصور أن ذاكرتهم ضعيفة عن تحمل سنة النبي ﷺ ونقلها، لم يكن ﷺ لينهاهم عن تدوين السنة؛ لأن السنة تشرح القرآن وتوضح معانيه وتفصل مجمله، فيكون النهي عن تدوين السنة حينئذٍ مجانبًا للصواب، مخالفًا للحكمة؛ لأن الله قال لنبيه ﷺ: “لِتُبَيِّنَ لِلنَّاسِ مَا نُزِّلَ إِلَيْهِمْ”، فكيف يبين لهم شيئًا ويتركه يضيع من بين أيديهم؟! بل وينهاهم عن اتخاذ الأسباب التي تحفظ ذلك البيان، هذا مما لا يقبله العقل أن ينسب لقائد اعتيادي ناجح في قيادته، فكيف بنسبته للنبي ﷺ، وهو الذي قاد تلك الحضارة العظيمة التي وصلت أقصى بلاد المشرق وأقصى بلاد المغرب!!
والخلاصة: إن كل السنة قد حفظت في صدور الصحابة الكرام-رضي الله عنهم- قبل وفاته ﷺ، ومن السنة ما دون في حياة النبي ﷺ، وباقي السنة دونت من حفظ الصحابة الحفاظ-رضي الله عنهم- بعد وفاته ﷺ.
1. The Hadith of Prohibition in Sahih Muslim | نص حديث النهي في صحيح مسلم وسياقه
Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) reports that the Prophet ﷺ said: "Do not write from me, and whoever has written from me anything other than the Quran, let him erase it; and narrate from me, there is no harm" (Sahih Muslim 3004). The scholar notes that other hadiths permit writing, so scholars explained the prohibition in more than one way.
روى مسلم عن أبي سعيد الخدري أن رسول الله ﷺ قال: «لا تكتبوا عني، ومن كتب عني غير القرآن فليمحه، وحدثوا عني ولا حرج» (صحيح مسلم 3004). ويذكر الشيخ أن أحاديث أخرى أذنت بالكتابة، فاختلف العلماء في معنى النهي على أوجه.
2. The Core Wisdom: Preserving the Quranic Text | الحكمة التشريعية: حماية القرآن من الاختلاط واللبس
One explanation the scholar gives: the prohibition was only against writing the Quran together with hadith on the same sheet, which could confuse the reader.
ومن الأوجه التي ذكرها الشيخ: أن النهي إنما كان عن أن يكتب القرآن مع الحديث في صحيفة واحدة، لأن ذلك يؤدي إلى الاختلاط والاشتباه على القارئ.
3. Explicit Permission and Abrogation in Later Stages | نسخ النهي والإذن الصريح بالكتابة لاحقاً
The other explanation: the prohibition came early, and once the Quran was settled he permitted writing. Abdullah ibn Amr wrote down everything he heard until Quraysh objected; the Prophet ﷺ pointed to his mouth and said: "Write, by Him in Whose hand my soul is, nothing comes out of it but the truth" (Abu Dawud 3646, graded sahih by al-Albani). At the conquest of Mecca, when Abu Shah (may Allah be pleased with him) asked for the sermon in writing, he said: "Write for Abu Shah" (Sahih al-Bukhari 2434).
والوجه الآخر: أن النهي كان في أول الإسلام، ثم لما استقر أمر القرآن أذن بالكتابة؛ فقد كان عبد الله بن عمرو يكتب كل شيء يسمعه حتى نهته قريش، فأومأ النبي ﷺ بإصبعه إلى فيه وقال: «اكتب، فوالذي نفسي بيده ما يخرج منه إلا حق» (سنن أبي داود 3646، وصححه الألباني). ولما سأله أبو شاه يوم فتح مكة أن يكتبوا له الخطبة قال: «اكتبوا لأبي شاه» (صحيح البخاري 2434).
4. Companions Who Wrote Hadith | من كتب الحديث من الصحابة
Some Companions did write. Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "None of the Companions of the Prophet narrated more hadith from him than I did, except Abdullah ibn Amr, for he used to write and I did not" (Sahih al-Bukhari 113). Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) kept a scroll recording the rules of blood money, the freeing of captives, and that a Muslim is not killed for a disbeliever (Sahih al-Bukhari 111).
وقد كتب بعض الصحابة؛ قال أبو هريرة: «ما من أصحاب النبي ﷺ أحد أكثر حديثا عنه مني، إلا ما كان من عبد الله بن عمرو، فإنه كان يكتب ولا أكتب» (صحيح البخاري 113). وكانت عند علي صحيفة فيها العقل، وفكاك الأسير، وألا يقتل مسلم بكافر (صحيح البخاري 111).
Scholarly Insight: Written records of the Prophet's rulings were in official use in the caliphate of Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him). Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) reports (Sahih al-Bukhari 1454) that when Abu Bakr sent him to Bahrain, he wrote him a document that began: “In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful. This is the obligatory charity which the Messenger of Allah ﷺ made obligatory on the Muslims, and which Allah commanded His Messenger.” It then set out the rates of zakat on camels and sheep. See why Allah chose an unlettered Prophet. Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nahl.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Why did the Prophet initially forbid writing down his hadiths?
One explanation the scholar gives: so that the Quran would not be written with hadith on the same sheet and confuse the reader.
Did the prohibition against writing hadith remain permanent?
No. One explanation the scholar gives is that it belonged to the early period and he later permitted writing, telling Abdullah ibn Amr: ‘Write’ (Abu Dawud 3646, graded sahih by al-Albani).
What did the Prophet say when Abu Shah requested a copy of his speech?
He said: ‘Write for Abu Shah’ (Sahih al-Bukhari 2434).
Which Companion was known for writing down hadith?
Abdullah ibn Amr: Abu Hurairah said that no Companion narrated more than he did except Abdullah ibn Amr, because he used to write and Abu Hurairah did not (Sahih al-Bukhari 113).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →