What Was the Religion of the Prophet (PBUH) Before Islam?
هل كان النبي ﷺ على ملة قبيلته قريش قبل الإسلام؟ وما العقيدة التي كان يعتقدها والعبادة التي كان يؤديها؟
The Prophet, peace be upon him, did not take part in any of the deeds of the Mushrikeen (polytheists), and it was mentioned that he used to follow the religion of Abraham, peace be upon him. This is narrated in the two Sahihs from the Hadith of Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her: “And he used to be alone in the cave of Hira’, and he used to tahannath - which is worship - in it for the number of nights” before he went to his family and took supplies for that, then he went back to Khadijah and took supplies for the like of it.”
The scholars mentioned that tahannath has two meanings:
The first meaning: It has the sense of (al-Tahannaf), that is following Hanifiyah (true monotheists (especially Abraham) who were not Jews, Christians, or worshipers of idols), which is the religion of Abraham, peace be upon him.
The second meaning: It means avoiding al-Hanath, i.e. avoiding the sin that his people used to commit.
Allah the Almighty says to His Prophet, peace be upon him, “And so We have sent to you ˹O Prophet˺ a revelation by Our command. You did not know of ˹this˺ Book and faith ˹before˺. But We have made it a light, by which We guide whoever We will of Our servants. And you are truly leading ˹all˺ to the Straight Path - ”[Ash-Shura 42: 52], and the meaning of “You did not know of ˹this˺ Book and faith ˹before˺”[Ash-Shura 42: 52] is that your condition on the day the Revelation descended upon you was that you did not know anything about the Shari’ah rulings and their details before. You did not read them in any book before, and you did not find them followed by the nations that preceded yours. This fact is a challenge to those who claim that the Prophet, peace be upon him, knew them. He had no idea about those rulings and morals which Allah the Almighty granted him. The Book and the morals are great favour from Allah to the Prophet, peace be upon him, and His Islamic Ummah.
Allah the Almighty says to His Prophet, peace be upon him: “You did not know of ˹this˺ Book and faith ˹before˺”[Ash-Shura 42: 52], so He does not say: You were not a believer, which means that the Noble Prophet had no idea about the details of the Shari’ah rulings, and not about the belief in Allah the Almighty.
Our Prophet, peace be upon him, knew the invalidity of worshiping idols which his people in Jahiliyyah era (Pre-Islamic era) used to follow. His knowledge of the invalidity of such a deed and abandoning it is in fact joining none with Allah the Almighty in worship. He, peace be upon him, referred to this fact about himself in the Hadith narrated by Shaddad bin Aws (reported by Abu Nu'aym): “When I grew up - that is, I became sensible - I hated idols and hated poetry, and I did not intend to do anything that the people of Jahiliyyah used to do except twice, so Allah protected me from them, then I did not return.”
Despite the severity of the Quraysh’s dispute with the Prophet, peace be upon him, regarding the issue of Tawhid (believing in Allah’s monotheism), they did not claim that he was worshiping idols with them, which means that he used to worship Allah the Almighty, following the Shari’ah of Abraham and not the beliefs of his people.
The authors of biographies and battles mentioned that only a few people remained on the religion of Abraham - before the mission of the Prophet, peace be upon him, and among the most famous of them was: Zayd bin Amr bin Nufail. They mentioned that he used to announce his affiliation to the religion of Abraham, peace be upon him. On the authority of Asma bint Abi Bakr, she said, “I have seen Zayd Bin Amr Ibn Nufail, leaning his back on the Ka’abah, says: ‘O people of Quraysh, by the One in Whose hand is the soul of Zayd, none of you is on the religion of Abraham except me.’ Then he would say: ‘O Allah, if I knew the way most beloved to You, I would worship You by it, but I do not know,’ and he would prostrate on his mount. In another narration: he used to pray facing the Ka’abah, and say: ‘My Lord is the Lord of Abraham, and my religion is the religion of Abraham…’ Furthermore, he used to rescue the girl buried alive by her father and say to her father, ‘Do not kill her. Give her to me and I will take care of her’, and when she grew up, he would say to her father, ‘You can take her…'” [Narrated by Al-Bukhari (without a full chain) and An-Nasa'i]
The intention of mentioning this narration is to make it known that it is not strange to find at that time a follower of the religion of Abraham among the people of Quraysh.
إن النبي ﷺ لم يقارف شيئا من أعمال المشركين، وإنما ذكر عنه أنه كان يتعبد على ملة إبراهيم عليه الصلاة والسلام، كما في الصحيحين من حديث عائشة رضي الله عنها: “وكانَ يَخْلُو في غارِ حِراءٍ فَيَتَحَنَّثُ فيه-وهو التَّعَبُّدُ-اللَّيالِيَ ذَواتِ العَدَدِ قَبْلَ أنْ يَنْزِعَ إلى أهْلِهِ، ويَتَزَوَّدُ لذلكَ، ثُمَّ يَرْجِعُ إلى خَدِيجَةَ فَيَتَزَوَّدُ لِمِثْلِها”.
ذكر العلماء أن التحنث له معنيان:
المعنى الأول: بمعنى (التحنف) وهو التعبد على الحنيفية ملة إبراهيم، وقد أبدلت الفاء ثاء، وهذا كثير في اللغة.
المعنى الثاني: أنها بمعنى تجنب الحنث، أي: تجنب الإثم الذي كان عليه قومه.
قال الله تعالى لنبيه ﷺ: “وَكَذَلِكَ أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَيْكَ رُوحًا مِنْ أَمْرِنَا مَا كُنْتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتَابُ وَلَا الْإِيمَانُ وَلَكِنْ جَعَلْنَاهُ نُورًا نَهْدِي بِهِ مَنْ نَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِنَا وَإِنَّكَ لَتَهْدِي إِلَى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ”، ومعنى: ” مَا كُنْتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتَابُ وَلَا الْإِيمَانُ” أي كان حالك يوم نزول الوحي عليك أنك لم تكن تعلم عن الشرائع وتفاصيلها شيئًا، فلم تقرأه في كتب سابقة ولم تجده عند أمم سبقتك، وهذا تحد للمعاندين لجناب الرسول ﷺ، ليتأملوا في حاله ﷺ ليعلموا أن ما أوتيه من الشريعة والآداب الخلقية هو من مواهب الله تعالى التي لم تسبق له مزاولتها، ويتضمن امتنانا عليه وعلى أمته المسلمين.
أن الله تعالى قال لنبيه ﷺ: ” مَا كُنْتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتَابُ وَلَا الْإِيمَانُ…” ولم يقل: ما كنت مؤمنا، فهو ينفي عنه العلم بتفاصيل الشرائع لا أصل الإيمان بالله تعالى.
كان نبينا ﷺ في عهد جاهلية قومه يعلم بطلان عبادة الأصنام، وعلمه ببطلان عبادة الأصنام وتركه لها هو في حقيقته تمحض في إفراد الله تعالى بالإلهية، وقد أخبر بذلك عن نفسه فيما رواه أبو نعيم في «دلائل النبوءة» عن شداد بن أوس أن رسول الله ﷺ قال:” لما نشأت- أي عقلت- بغضت إلي الأوثان وبغض إلي الشعر، ولم أهم بشيء مما كانت الجاهلية تفعله إلا مرتين، فعصمني الله منهما ثم لم أعد”.
على شدة منازعة قريش للنبي ﷺ في أمر التوحيد فإنهم لم يحاجوه بأنه كان يعبد الأصنام معهم، فعلم أنه كان يعبد الله على شريعة إبراهيم ولم يكن على دين قومه.
ذكر أهل السير والمغازي أنه لم يبق على ملة إبراهيم-قبل مبعث النبي ﷺ- إلا نفر قليل، ومن أشهرهم: زيد بن عمرو بن نفيل، وقد ذكروا أنه كان يعلن انتماءه إلى دين إبراهيم، فعن أسماء بنت أبي بكر قالت لقد رأيت زيد بن عمرو بن نفيل مسندا ظهره إلى الكعبة يقول: يا معشر قريش والذي نفس زيد بيده ما أصبح أحد منكم على دين إبراهيم غيري، ثم يقول: اللهم إني لو أعلم أحب الوجوه إليك عبدتك به، ولكني لا أعلم، ثم يسجد على راحلته، وفي رواية: وكان يصلي إلى الكعبة، ويقول: “إلهي إله إبراهيم، وديني دين إبراهيم…”، وكان يحيي الموءودة، ويقول للرجل إذا أراد أن يقتل ابنته: لا تقتلها ادفعها إلي أكفلها فإذا ترعرعت، قال: إن شئت فخذها…رواه البخاري تعليقًا ورواه النسائي.
والقصد من ذكر هذه الرواية أن يعلم أنه ليس غريبًا أن يكون أحد من الناس على ملة إبراهيم في ذلك الزمن.
1. Divine Protection from Idolatry and Paganism | العصمة الإلهية من براثن الشرك وأوثان الجاهلية
He took no part in idol worship. In Ibn Ishaq's account of his journey to Syria as a boy, quoted by Ibn Kathir, the monk Bahira asked him by al-Lat and al-Uzza, and he answered: "Do not ask me anything by al-Lat and al-Uzza; by Allah, I have never hated anything as I hate them." Al-Bayhaqi reports Zayd ibn Harithah (may Allah be pleased with him) saying that he never touched an idol until Allah honoured him with revelation.
لم يشارك ﷺ في عبادة الأصنام؛ ففي رواية ابن إسحاق لخبر خروجه مع عمه إلى الشام، كما نقلها ابن كثير، أن بحيرى سأله باللات والعزى فقال: «لا تسألني باللات والعزى شيئا، فوالله ما أبغضت شيئا قط بغضهما». وروى البيهقي عن زيد بن حارثة قوله: فوالذي أكرمه وأنزل عليه الكتاب ما استلم صنما قط حتى أكرمه الله تعالى بالذي أكرمه.
2. Monotheistic Devotion on the Creed of Ibrahim | التحنث على ملة إبراهيم الحنيفية السمحة
The scholar explains that tahannuth, the word Aisha uses for his worship in Hira, carries two meanings: tahannuf, worship on the Hanif religion of Ibrahim, whom the Quran calls upright and no polytheist (2:135), the letter fa being replaced by tha; and avoiding hinth, the sin his people lived in. He adds that although Quraysh disputed fiercely with him over Tawhid, they never argued that he had once worshipped idols with them.
بَلْ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (سورة البقرة: 135)
يبين الشيخ أن للتحنث، وهو اللفظ الذي وصفت به عائشة تعبده في حراء، معنيين: التحنف، أي التعبد على الحنيفية ملة إبراهيم، وقد أبدلت الفاء ثاء، وتجنب الحنث، أي الإثم الذي كان عليه قومه. ويذكر أن قريشا على شدة منازعتها له في التوحيد لم تحاجه بأنه كان يعبد الأصنام معها.
3. Spiritual Solitude and Tahannuth in Cave Hira | خلوة التعبد والتحنث في غار حراء
Before prophethood seclusion was made dear to him. He would stay in the cave of Hira for a number of nights of worship, return to Khadijah (may Allah be pleased with her) for provisions, and go back (Sahih al-Bukhari 3). Ibn Ishaq reports, through Ubayd ibn Umayr, that he spent a month there every year feeding the poor who came to him, and on leaving would first go round the Kaaba before entering his house.
حُبب إليه ﷺ الخلاء قبل البعثة، فكان يخلو بغار حراء فيتحنث فيه الليالي ذوات العدد، ثم يرجع إلى خديجة فيتزود لمثلها (صحيح البخاري 3). وروى ابن إسحاق عن عبيد بن عمير أنه كان يجاور في حراء في كل سنة شهرا، يطعم من جاءه من المساكين، فإذا قضى جواره بدأ بالكعبة فطاف بها قبل أن يدخل بيته.
4. Meaning of Quranic Verses on His Prior State | الفهم الصحيح لقوله تعالى: "ووجدك ضالاً فهدى"
On "Did He not find you unguided then guided you?" (93:7), Ibn Kathir points to 42:52: "You did not know of ˹this˺ Book and faith ˹before˺." Al-Qurtubi records among the meanings of 93:7 that he did not yet know the Quran and the laws, and the scholar explains 42:52 the same way: it denies him knowledge of the details of the laws, not belief in Allah, for Allah did not say "you were not a believer".
وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدَىٰ (سورة الضحى: 7)
فسر ابن كثير قوله تعالى: (وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدَىٰ) بقوله: (مَا كُنتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتَابُ وَلَا الْإِيمَانُ)، ونقل القرطبي من أقوال أهل العلم فيها: لم تكن تدري القرآن والشرائع فهداك الله إليها. وبهذا فسر الشيخ آية الشورى: فهي تنفي عنه العلم بتفاصيل الشرائع لا أصل الإيمان بالله، ولم يقل: ما كنت مؤمنا.
Scholarly Insight: Al-Qurtubi distinguishes a prior prophet's complete law from the practices retained before revelation (42:52): “What can be stated with certainty is that he, peace be upon him, was not affiliated with any one of the prophets in a way that made him a member of that prophet's community and subject to his entire law.” He also records: “Before his prophethood he differed from the polytheists in their standing at Muzdalifah during pilgrimage: he stood at Arafat, because it was Ibrahim's station.” See the religion of Ibrahim before Islam. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Ash-Shura.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Did Prophet Muhammad ever worship idols before Islam?
No. The scholar's answer says he took no part in the deeds of the polytheists, and he told the monk Bahira that he hated nothing as he hated al-Lat and al-Uzza (Ibn Ishaq, quoted by Ibn Kathir).
What religion did the Prophet follow prior to receiving revelation?
He worshipped on the religion of Ibrahim, the Hanifiyyah, as the scholar's answer explains from Aisha's hadith on his worship in Hira.
What does "And He found you lost and guided you" mean in Surah Ad-Duha?
Ibn Kathir explains it by 42:52, ‘You did not know of ˹this˺ Book and faith ˹before˺’; al-Qurtubi records that he did not yet know the Quran and the laws.
Where did the Prophet perform his pre-Islamic devotional seclusion?
In the cave of Hira, where he stayed for nights of worship (Sahih al-Bukhari 3).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →