How Did the Prophet (PBUH) Marry Aisha When She Was Young?
كيف تزوج النبي ﷺ من عائشة وهي صغيرة-رضي الله عنها-؟
Marrying Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, had an important purpose that we have mentioned previously.
It is wrong to judge the traditions of marriage at that time which were accepted and followed according to the ones people know and follow today.
To elaborate this point, the dowry that is given to women today differs in its value and content from the one that was given to women fifty years ago, and it differs from the dowry that Moses, peace be upon him, gave to the woman he married in Midian, as the Almighty narrates: “The old man proposed, “I wish to marry one of these two daughters of mine to you, provided that you stay in my service for eight years.” [Al-Qasas: 28-27] It cannot be said that the Prophet of Allah, Moses, made a mistake, nor can it be said that the man who married off his daughter was mistaken based on the traditions we know at present for that woman got nothing of the dowry since it was Moses’ service to the father.
To clarify this point, consider the marriage of the Prophet, peace be upon him, to Khadijah, may Allah be pleased with her, who was fifteen years older than him, and who was married to a man before him, peace be upon him, and she had children from that man, and such things were not rejected nor denounced.
When Khadijah died, may Allah be pleased with her, he married Sawda bint Zam’ah, may Allah be pleased with her, and she was older than him as well.
Actually, apart from Aisha, all his wives were either divorced or widowed, and in our societies today it is not acceptable for a virgin man to marry a woman who is older than him and had previously been married. This is because traditions have changed, not because this thing has become forbidden.
Note: The earlier published wording said that all his wives had been divorced or widowed; Aisha is the exception, the only virgin he married, as Ibn Kathir notes in al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, so it was corrected.
Asma bint Amis, may Allah be pleased with her, was the wife of Ja’afar bin Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, and when he was martyred, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, married her. After the death of Al-Siddiq, Ali bin Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, married her. She had children from all her husbands.
This type of a woman is not acceptable in a society which has a pessimistic view of her as all her husbands died, but it is the nature of a society that accepts what another society does not accept. So the matter has nothing to do with the prohibitions, but rather it has to do with traditions people follow.
According to social traditions, the criterion of childhood and its age and the criterion of puberty and its age differ. For instance, the age of marriage in the Orthodox Church was 12 years for the girl and 14 years for the boy, and that was at the beginning of the twentieth century.
It is mentioned in the Jewish and Christian books while explaining the age of marriage that it changes according to traditions, status and lifestyle. Christian sources mention in one of the narrations that Virgin Mary engaged or married Joseph Al-Najjar when he was 90 years old, and she was 12 years old - this is but a lie, because she did not marry at all. We are just giving an example of how childhood and its criteria differ from one generation to another and one era to another. Another example is mentioned in the books of the kings of Europe; a girl could get married when she became the age of six. This is well-known in the books of history.
If one of the people of the Prophetic era came to our era and was told that the woman cannot get married until the age of twenty, thirty, or forty, he would consider that shameful, while it is not so according to the traditions of our time, because traditions change with the passage of time, and these changes have nothing to do with Shar’iah rulings, but rather they have to do with traditions.
Age is not calculated by years but by the talent the person has, and by the capabilities Allah the Almighty gives him. These things differ according to time, place, and people. For example, many war leaders and conquerors were young, and most of those of their age today may not be fit for leadership and war. Usama Ibn Zaid led the army when he was 18 years old, Muhammad bin al-Qasim al-Thaqafi conquered the country of Sindh when he was 17 years old, Muhammad al-Fateh was the leader who conquered Constantinople when he was 21 years old, and so on. People’s ages and talents differ from one person to another.
Note: The earlier published Arabic gave Muhammad al-Fateh’s age as 16; historians give 21 (he was born in 1432 and took Constantinople in 1453), as the English already said, so the Arabic was corrected.
The Prophet, peace be upon him, consummated his marriage to Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, after she grew up, reached the age of menstruation, and became a young woman. The women of Quraysh at that time used to reach puberty when they were at the age of Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her.
That marriage took place at the time when the Prophet, peace be upon him, had many enemies, but none of the enemies - despite their great number objected to that marriage. That means such a marriage was legitimate and known at that time and in that place.
الزواج من عائشة-رضي الله عنها- كان له غرض مهم قد بيناه فيما سبق.
من الخطأ أن نجعل العرف الجاري بين الناس اليوم هو الحكم على عرف كان فيما سبق جار بين الناس بلا إنكار منهم ولا تنفير.
للتمثيل على ذلك فإن المهر الذي يعطى للمرأة اليوم يختلف بقيمته ومضمونه عن المهر الذي يعطى للمرأة قبل خمسين سنة، وهو يختلف عن المهر الذي أعطاه موسى-عليه السلام - للمرأة التي تزوجها في مدين، كما قال تعالى: ” قَالَ إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ أُنْكِحَكَ إِحْدَى ابْنَتَيَّ هَاتَيْنِ عَلَى أَنْ تَأْجُرَنِي ثَمَانِيَ حِجَجٍ ” فلا يمكن أن يقال إن نبي الله موسى قد أخطأ، كما لا يمكن القول إن الرجل الذي زوج ابنته قد أخطأ هو الآخر بناء على العرف الجاري بيننا اليوم، لأن المرأة لن يصيبها من المهر شيء؛ لأن المهر كان خدمة موسى للأب.
لتوضيح هذه الحقيقة أيضًا لو نظرنا إلى زواج النبي ﷺ من خديجة -رضي الله عنها، وهي تكبره بخمسة عشر عامًا، وقد سبق لها الزواج والإنجاب من غيره، فتزوجها ولم يستنكر ذلك أحد.
لما ماتت خديجة-رضي الله عنها-تزوج ﷺ من سودة بنت زمعة -رضي الله عنها، وكانت تكبره في السن كذلك…وكل زوجاته عدا عائشة إما مطلقة أو أرملة، وفي مجتمعاتنا اليوم لا يقبل أن يتزوج الرجل البكر بامرأة تكبره وسبق لها الزواج؛ لأن عادات الناس اليوم تغيرت، لا لأن الأمر محرم.
ملاحظة: جاء في النص المنشور سابقا أن كل زوجاته إما مطلقة أو أرملة، والصواب استثناء عائشة، فلم يتزوج بكرا غيرها كما ذكر ابن كثير في البداية والنهاية، فصُحح.
أسماء بنت عميس رضي الله عنها، كانت زوجة لجعفر بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه، فلما استشهد، تزوجها أبو بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه، فلما مات الصديق تزوجها علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه، وقد أنجبت من الجميع،
وهذا النموذج في حياتنا، لربما يتشاءم منه المجتمع ويقال في المرأة أنها لا يعيش لها رجل، لكنها طبيعة مجتمع يقبل ما لا يقبله مجتمع آخر، فالأمر لا يقع في دائرة المحرم، بل دائرة العرف، وهو يضيق ويتسع بحسب أفهام الناس.
العرف أيضًا يختلف فيه معيار الطفولة وسنها ومعيار البلوغ وسنه، فعلى سبيل التمثيل سن الزواج في الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية 12 عاما للفتاة، و14 عاما للفتى-وكان ذلك في مطلع القرن العشرين-.
وذكرت الكتب اليهودية والمسيحية عند حديث شراحها لسن الزواج على أنه يتغير حسب العرف والحال والمعيشة، وتذكر المصادر المسيحية في إحدى الروايات أن السيدة مريم العذراء خطبت أو تزوجت يوسف النجار وعمره 90 عاما، وعمرها 12 عاما-وكل ذلك كذب فهي لم تتزوج أصلاً- لكن الشاهد اختلاف الطفولة ومعيارها من جيل ووقت إلى آخر، وقل مثل ذلك في تواريخ ملوك أوربا فقد كان الزواج يبدأ بالفتيات من سن السادسة…في تاريخ معروف مشهور.
لو تصور أن يوجد أحد من ذلك الزمان في زماننا اليوم، ثم يقال له إن المرأة عندنا لا تتزوج إلا في سن العشرين والثلاثين والأربعين لاعتبر ذلك معيبًا على أهل هذا الزمان، لكنه ليس معيبًا على أهل زماننا لأن العادات تتغير بتغير الأزمان، وليس هذا تغيرًا للشرائع وإنما هو تغير للعادات.
العمر لا يحسب بالتاريخ الزمني، بل بموهبة الشخص نفسه، وما يعطيه الله من القدرات وهي تختلف باختلاف الزمان والمكان والأشخاص، فمثلاً كثير من قادة الحروب والفاتحين كانوا صغارا في السن، ومن في مثل أعمارهم اليوم قد لا يصلح أكثرهم للقيادة والحرب، فأسامة ابن زيد قاد الجيش وهو ابن (18) عامًا، ومحمد بن القاسم الثقفي فتح بلاد السند وهو ابن (17) عامًا، ومحمد الفاتح ابن (21) عامًا هو القائد الذي فتح القسطنطينية، وهكذا…الأعمار والمواهب تختلف باختلاف الأشخاص.
ملاحظة: جاء عمر محمد الفاتح في النص العربي المنشور سابقا 16 عاما، والذي عليه المؤرخون أنه فتح القسطنطينية سنة 1453م وهو ابن 21 عاما، كما في الترجمة الإنجليزية، فصُحح.
إن النبي ﷺ دخل بعائشة-رضي الله عنها- وهي بنت حين كبرت وبلغت سن المحيض وشبت شبابا حسنا، وكانت نساء قريش يبلغن عند ذلك السن.
ذلك النكاح قد عقد وللنبي ﷺ أعداء كثر، فلم يطعن أحد من الأعداء-على كثرتهم- في ذلك النكاح، وذلك يعني أن مثل هذا الزواج كان مشروعًا معروفًا في ذلك الزمان وفي ذلك المكان.
1. Historical Norms and Biological Adulthood | المعايير التاريخية ومفهوم النضج والبلوغ
The scholar's answer argues that the age of marriage follows the custom of each time and place, and that maturity, not a fixed number, was the measure in her society. In a report Ibn Kathir quotes, Aisha's mother Umm Ruman (may Allah be pleased with her) said that Mut'im ibn Adi had already spoken of her for his son before the Prophet ﷺ proposed.
يقرر الشيخ أن سن الزواج يتبع عرف كل زمان ومكان، وأن المعتبر في مجتمعها البلوغ لا عدد السنين. وفي رواية أوردها ابن كثير أن أم رومان قالت: إن مطعم بن عدي قد ذكرها على ابنه، قبل خطبة النبي ﷺ.
2. Divine Inspiration and Prophetic Vision | الرؤيا النبوية الصادقة والاصطفاء الإلهي
The Prophet told Aisha: "I was shown you in a dream twice: you were in a piece of silk, and it was said, 'This is your wife.' I uncovered it and it was you, and I said: if this is from Allah, He will bring it about" (Sahih al-Bukhari 3895). In at-Tirmidhi's narration Jibril brought her image in green silk and said she was his wife in this world and the Hereafter (Jami at-Tirmidhi 3880, graded sahih by al-Albani). Khawlah bint Hakim (may Allah be pleased with her) then carried the proposal to Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), as Ibn Kathir reports.
قال النبي ﷺ لعائشة: «أريتك في المنام مرتين، أرى أنك في سرقة من حرير ويقول: هذه امرأتك، فاكشف عنها فإذا هي أنت، فأقول: إن يك هذا من عند الله يمضه» (صحيح البخاري 3895)، وفي رواية الترمذي أن جبريل جاء بصورتها في خرقة حرير خضراء وقال: إن هذه زوجتك في الدنيا والآخرة (جامع الترمذي 3880، صححه الألباني). ثم حملت خولة بنت حكيم الخطبة إلى أبي بكر كما ذكر ابن كثير.
3. Aisha's Scholarly Stature and Intellectual Legacy | العبقرية العلمية لأم المؤمنين وتأسيس الفقه النبوي
She lived with him nine years (Sahih al-Bukhari 5133) and became one of the most knowledgeable Companions. Abu Musa (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Whenever a hadith was unclear to us, the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, and we asked Aisha about it, we found she had knowledge of it" (Jami at-Tirmidhi 3883, graded sahih by al-Albani). The verse telling his wives to remember what was recited in their homes (33:34) points to that knowledge.
وَاذْكُرْنَ مَا يُتْلَىٰ فِي بُيُوتِكُنَّ مِنْ آيَاتِ اللَّـهِ وَالْحِكْمَةِ (سورة الأحزاب: 34)
مكثت عنده تسع سنين (صحيح البخاري 5133)، وصارت من أعلم الصحابة؛ قال أبو موسى: «ما أشكل علينا أصحاب رسول الله ﷺ حديث قط فسألنا عائشة إلا وجدنا عندها منه علما» (جامع الترمذي 3883، صححه الألباني).
Scholarly Insight: Aisha recounts the marriage and her move to the Prophet's household (Sahih al-Bukhari 3894): “The Prophet married me when I was six years old. We came to Medina and stayed among Banu al-Harith ibn Khazraj.” Of her mother and the women of the Ansar, she says: “She handed me over to them, and they prepared me. Nothing surprised me except the Messenger of Allah arriving in the forenoon. She handed me over to him, and I was nine years old that day.” See the reasons for the Prophet's marriages. Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nur.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Did the Prophet's contemporaries criticize his marriage to Aisha based on age?
The scholar's answer points out that the marriage took place when the Prophet ﷺ had many enemies, and none of them criticized it.
How was the marriage to Aisha divinely indicated to the Prophet?
He was shown her in a dream, in a piece of silk, and told that she was his wife (Sahih al-Bukhari 3895; Jami at-Tirmidhi 3880).
What did the Companions say about her knowledge?
Abu Musa said that whenever a hadith was unclear to the Companions, they found knowledge of it with Aisha (Jami at-Tirmidhi 3883).
How long did she live with the Prophet?
Nine years (Sahih al-Bukhari 5133).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →