What Is the Expiation for Breaking an Oath?
ما هي كفارة اليمين؟
What is the atonement for breaking the oath?
The answer explains the expiation of Al-Ma'idah 5:89: a free choice between feeding ten poor people, half a sa' of the local staple each from the average food of one's family, clothing ten poor people in what covers them and is fit for prayer, or freeing a slave; whoever cannot do any of these fasts three days, consecutively as the answer states.
Islam provides a clear and merciful structure for making amends when a deliberate oath is broken. This structure prioritizes social welfare by benefiting the needy before allowing a purely physical act of worship like fasting.
The Three Primary Options
Atonement for a broken oath involves choosing one of these three initial acts:
1. Feeding the Poor
Feeding ten poor people, providing for each poor person half a saa' a standard weight measure of the country's staple foodstuff, which is equivalent to the average quality of food you feed your own family.
2. Clothing the Poor
Providing ten poor people with clothes that properly cover their private parts and enable them to perform Salah prayer while wearing them, ensuring their dignity is preserved.
3. Freeing a Bondsperson
Setting a bondsperson free, which emphasizes the great value Islam places on human liberty.
The Alternative: Fasting
If one finds none of these three financial options affordable, he should move to fasting. He should fast for three consecutive days, according to the majority of Fuqaha' jurists.
The Quranic Command
Allah Almighty explicitly details this sequential ruling in the Quran:
(Allah will not call you to account for your thoughtless oaths, but He will hold you accountable for deliberate oaths. The penalty for a broken oath is to feed ten poor people from what you normally feed your own family, or to clothe them, or to free a bondsperson. But if none of this is affordable, then you must fast three days. This is the penalty for breaking your oaths. So be mindful of your oaths. This is how Allah makes things clear to you, so perhaps you will be grateful.) Surah Al Ma'idah 5: 89.
ما هي كفارة اليمين؟
يبين الجواب كفارة اليمين كما في المائدة 5:89: التخيير بين إطعام عشرة مساكين لكل مسكين نصف صاع من قوت البلد من أوسط ما يطعم أهله، أو كسوتهم بما يستر العورة وتصح فيه الصلاة، أو تحرير رقبة، فإن لم يجد صام ثلاثة أيام متتابعات كما ذكر الجواب.
يوفر الإسلام هيكلا واضحا ورحيما للتكفير عند نقض اليمين المنعقدة. ويعطي هذا الهيكل الأولوية للرعاية الاجتماعية من خلال إفادة المحتاجين قبل السماح بعمل عبادي بدني بحت مثل الصيام.
الخصال الثلاث الأساسية
كفارة اليمين لها ثلاث خصال يخير فيها المسلم:
1. إطعام المساكين
إطعام عشرة مساكين لكل مسكين نصف صاع من قوت البلد، من أوسط ما يطعم الرجل أهله.
2. كسوة المساكين
كسوة عشرة مساكين أي توفير لباس لكل واحد منهم، وهو ما يكفي لستر العورة وأداء الصلاة بشكل لائق.
3. تحرير رقبة
تحرير رقبة، مما يؤكد على القيمة العظيمة التي يوليها الإسلام لحرية الإنسان.
البديل: الصيام
فإن لم يجد أحد هذه الثلاث بسبب ضيق الحال، انتقل إلى الصيام فيصوم ثلاثة أيام متتابعات في قول جمهور الفقهاء.
الأمر القرآني
قال الله تعالى: (لَا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا عَقَّدتُّمُ الْأَيْمَانَ ۖ فَكَفَّارَتُهُ إِطْعَامُ عَشَرَةِ مَسَاكِينَ مِنْ أَوْسَطِ مَا تُطْعِمُونَ أَهْلِيكُمْ أَوْ كِسْوَتُهُمْ أَوْ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ ۖ فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ كَفَّارَةُ أَيْمَانِكُمْ إِذَا حَلَفْتُمْ ۚ وَاحْفَظُوا أَيْمَانَكُمْ ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ آيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ) المائدة 5: 89.
1. How Much Food? | مقدار الإطعام
Ibn Kathir reports that giving each of the ten half a sa' of wheat, dates, or the like is the view of Umar, Ali, Aisha, Mujahid, al-Sha'bi, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, and others, which is the amount the answer gives; Abu Hanifa held half a sa' of wheat and a full sa' of anything else, and Ahmad a mudd of wheat or two mudds of anything else. Al-Hasan and Ibn Sirin held that one filling meal of bread and meat for the ten suffices.
نقل ابن كثير أن إطعام كل واحد من العشرة نصف صاع من بر أو تمر ونحوهما قول عمر وعلي وعائشة ومجاهد والشعبي وسعيد بن جبير وغيرهم، وهو المقدار الذي ذكره الجواب، وقال أبو حنيفة: نصف صاع من بر وصاع مما عداه، وقال أحمد: الواجب مد من بر أو مدان من غيره، وقال الحسن وابن سيرين: يكفيه أن يطعم العشرة أكلة واحدة خبزا ولحما.
2. What Clothing Suffices? | مقدار الكسوة
Ibn Kathir reports that al-Shafi'i held that giving each of the ten anything that can be called clothing, such as a shirt, trousers, a waist wrap, a turban, or a head covering, is enough, while Malik and Ahmad held that each must be given clothing in which it is valid for him or her to pray, which is what the answer states.
نقل ابن كثير عن الشافعي: "لو دفع إلى كل واحد من العشرة ما يصدق عليه اسم الكسوة من قميص أو سراويل أو إزار أو عمامة أو مقنعة أجزأه ذلك"، وقال مالك وأحمد بن حنبل: "لا بد أن يدفع إلى كل واحد منهم من الكسوة ما يصح أن يصلي فيه"، وهو ما ذكره الجواب.
3. Must the Three Days Be Consecutive? | هل يشترط التتابع؟
The answer requires the three days to be consecutive. Ibn Kathir reports this as the text of al-Shafi'i in al-Umm and the view of the Hanafis and Hanbalis, based on the reading of Ubayy ibn Ka'b and Ibn Mas'ud: three consecutive days; Malik, and al-Shafi'i in another text, did not require it, since the verse says three days without qualification.
فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ (سورة المائدة: 89)
اشترط الجواب التتابع في صيام الأيام الثلاثة، وذكر ابن كثير أنه نص الشافعي في الأم وقول الحنفية والحنابلة، لقراءة أبي بن كعب وابن مسعود: "فصيام ثلاثة أيام متتابعات"، ولم يوجبه مالك والشافعي في نص آخر، لإطلاق قوله تعالى: فصيام ثلاثة أيام.
Scholarly Insight: Order matters: the verse gives a free choice among three, and moves to fasting only for whoever cannot find any of them (Al-Ma'idah 5:89), so a person who can afford to feed or clothe the poor may not simply fast. Ibn Kathir records the scholars' views on the amount of food, the clothing that suffices, and whether the three days must be consecutive. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Ma'idah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Can I fast three days instead of feeding ten poor people?
Only if you cannot feed, clothe, or free; the verse says: whoever cannot find, then fasting three days (Al-Ma'idah 5:89).
Must the three days be fasted consecutively?
The answer says yes; Ibn Kathir reports this as the view of the Hanafis, the Hanbalis, and al-Shafi'i in al-Umm, while Malik, and al-Shafi'i in another text, did not require it.
How much food is given to each poor person?
The answer gives half a sa' of the local staple, which Ibn Kathir reports from Umar, Ali, and Aisha; Abu Hanifa and Ahmad gave other measures, and some held that one filling meal suffices.
What clothing counts for the expiation?
The answer says clothing that covers the body and is fit for prayer, the view of Malik and Ahmad; al-Shafi'i accepted anything that can be called clothing (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 5:89).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →