Why Does Surah At-Tawbah Not Begin With the Basmala?
لماذا لم تبدأ سورة التوبة بالبسملة؟
There are two possible answers to this question:
1) Al-Taubah is a continuation of Surah Al-Anfal; therefore there was no need to mention the Basmalah.
2) The Basmalah did not come before Surah At-Taubah because it is a surah in which jihad and fighting the disbelievers are mentioned, and in which the threat to the hypocrites and the exposure of their scandals and disgraces are mentioned. “In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful” is said for mercy, and this setting mentions jihad and the traits of the hypocrites; it is not a setting of mercy but one of threat and warning.
توجد إجابتان:
1) سورة التوبة مكملة لسورة الأنفال، فلذلك لم تأت في بدايتها "بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم"، لأنها مكملة لسورة الأنفال.
2) سورة التوبة لم تأت قبلها البسملة لأنها سورة ذكر فيها الجهاد وقتال الكفار، وذُكر فيها وعيد المنافقين وبيان فضائحهم ومخازيهم، و"بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم" يؤتى بها للرحمة، وهذا الموطن فيه ذكر الجهاد وذكر صفات المنافقين، وهذا ليس من مواطن الرحمة بل هو من مواطن الوعيد والتخويف.
1. A Continuation of Al-Anfal | مكملة لسورة الأنفال
Ibn Abbas asked Uthman ibn Affan why he had placed Al-Anfal and Bara'ah side by side without writing the line of the Basmala between them. Uthman answered that Al-Anfal was among the first surahs revealed in Madinah and Bara'ah among the last, that its story resembled the story of Al-Anfal so he thought it was part of it, and that the Prophet passed away without making clear whether it was part of it (Jami at-Tirmidhi 3086). At-Tirmidhi graded the report hasan, while some later scholars, among them al-Albani, judged it weak. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Anfal.
سأل ابن عباس عثمان بن عفان رضي الله عنهما: ما حملكم أن عمدتم إلى الأنفال وهي من المثاني، وإلى براءة وهي من المئين، فقرنتم بينهما ولم تكتبوا بينهما سطر بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم؟ فقال عثمان: كانت الأنفال من أوائل ما أنزلت بالمدينة، وكانت براءة من آخر القرآن، وكانت قصتها شبيهة بقصتها، فظننت أنها منها، فقبض رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ولم يبين لنا أنها منها (جامع الترمذي 3086). وحسنه الترمذي، وضعفه بعض المتأخرين ومنهم الألباني.
2. A Surah of Warning, Not of Mercy | سورة وعيد لا رحمة
Al-Qurtubi reports that Ibn Abbas asked Ali ibn Abi Talib why the Basmala was not written in Bara'ah, and Ali answered: because In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful is security, and Bara'ah came down with the sword; there is no security in it. Al-Qurtubi gives this without a chain of narrators, and adds that Sufyan ibn Uyaynah said the same: the Basmala is mercy, mercy is security, and this surah came down about the hypocrites and with the sword.
بَرَاءَةٌ مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِلَى الَّذِينَ عَاهَدتُّم مِّنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (سورة التوبة: 1)
نقل القرطبي عن عبد الله بن عباس قال: سألت علي بن أبي طالب: لم لم يكتب في براءة بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم؟ قال: لأن بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم أمان، وبراءة نزلت بالسيف ليس فيها أمان. وذكره القرطبي بلا إسناد، ونقل مثله عن سفيان بن عيينة: إنما لم تكتب في صدر هذه السورة بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم لأن التسمية رحمة، والرحمة أمان، وهذه السورة نزلت في المنافقين وبالسيف.
3. The Arab Custom When Ending a Treaty | عادة العرب في نقض العهد
Al-Qurtubi records five views on why the Basmala is absent. One of them recalls a custom of the Arabs before Islam: when they wished to end a treaty with a people, they wrote to them without the Basmala. When Bara'ah came down ending the treaty with the polytheists, the Prophet sent Ali ibn Abi Talib, who recited it to them during the pilgrimage season without the Basmala, in keeping with that custom.
ذكر القرطبي خمسة أقوال في سبب سقوط البسملة، أولها: أنه كان من شأن العرب في الجاهلية إذا كان بينهم وبين قوم عهد فأرادوا نقضه كتبوا إليهم كتابا ولم يكتبوا فيه بسملة، فلما نزلت سورة براءة بنقض العهد الذي كان بين النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم والمشركين بعث بها علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه فقرأها عليهم في الموسم ولم يبسمل، على ما جرت به عادتهم في نقض العهد.
4. The Proclamation at Mina | النداء بمنى
Abu Hurairah said that Abu Bakr, leading the pilgrimage, sent him with the announcers on the Day of Sacrifice to proclaim at Mina that no polytheist would perform Hajj after that year and that no one would circle the House naked; then the Prophet sent Ali ibn Abi Talib after them and ordered him to proclaim Bara'ah (Sahih al-Bukhari 4655). That pilgrimage came before the Farewell Hajj (Sahih al-Bukhari 4657). Bara'ah is one of the names of the surah, as explained in what other name Surah At-Tawbah has.
وَأَذَانٌ مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِلَى النَّاسِ يَوْمَ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ أَنَّ اللَّهَ بَرِيءٌ مِّنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ۙ وَرَسُولُهُ (سورة التوبة: 3)
قال أبو هريرة رضي الله عنه: بعثني أبو بكر في تلك الحجة في مؤذنين بعثهم يوم النحر يؤذنون بمنى أن لا يحج بعد العام مشرك ولا يطوف بالبيت عريان، ثم أردف رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بعلي بن أبي طالب وأمره أن يؤذن ببراءة (صحيح البخاري 4655). وكانت تلك الحجة قبل حجة الوداع (صحيح البخاري 4657).
5. The Door of Repentance Stays Open | باب التوبة مفتوح
Even in its warning, the surah keeps the door of repentance open: if you repent, it is better for you (9:3), and if they repent, establish prayer and give zakah, then let them go their way; indeed Allah is Forgiving and Merciful (9:5). More on the surah's opening is in which surah does not start with the Basmala.
فَإِن تَابُوا وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّوا سَبِيلَهُمْ (سورة التوبة: 5)
ومع ما في السورة من وعيد فإنها تفتح باب التوبة: (فإن تبتم فهو خير لكم) (التوبة 9: 3)، و(فإن تابوا وأقاموا الصلاة وآتوا الزكاة فخلوا سبيلهم إن الله غفور رحيم) (التوبة 9: 5).
Scholarly Insight: After listing the views, al-Qurtubi states that the correct one, as al-Qushayri said, is that the Basmala was not written because Jibril did not bring it down with this surah. He adds that Uthman's words, the Prophet passed away without making clear to us that it was part of it, show that all the surahs were arranged by the Prophet's own instruction, and that Bara'ah alone was joined to Al-Anfal. Read more in the tafsir of Surah At-Tawbah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Why did Surah At-Tawbah not start with the Basmala?
Scholars give two main reasons: it was treated as a continuation of Surah Al-Anfal, and it is a surah of warning to the treaty breakers and the hypocrites, while the Basmala is a mention of mercy.
What did Uthman ibn Affan say about it?
He told Ibn Abbas that the Prophet passed away without making clear whether At-Tawbah was part of Al-Anfal, so he placed them together without the line of the Basmala (Jami at-Tirmidhi 3086).
Which view did al-Qurtubi consider correct?
That the Basmala was not written because Jibril did not bring it down with this surah, as al-Qushayri said.
When was Bara'ah proclaimed to the pilgrims?
On the Day of Sacrifice at Mina, in the Hajj led by Abu Bakr before the Farewell Hajj, when Ali proclaimed it (Sahih al-Bukhari 4655 and 4657).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →