Why Did Allah Almighty Forbid Spying?
لماذا نهى الله تعالى الإنسان عن التجسس؟
Why did Allah Almighty forbid man from spying?
The answer gives three reasons for the prohibition in Al-Hujurat 49:12: spying violates people's privacy, since homes and private places are inviolable; it uncovers what is bad for others and causes family and social problems; and it harms the spy himself, for which the answer quotes al-Kaheel's encyclopedia.
The Quran pairs the prohibition of spying directly with the severe sins of baseless suspicion and backbiting, illustrating how these three destructive habits work together to ruin society.
Reasons for the Prohibition
1. Violation of Privacy
Allah forbade it because it violates people's privacy. Homes and private places are inviolable and may not be intruded upon.
2. Social and Family Destruction
The habit of spying uncovers for the spy things that are bad for others and can harm them, and so he causes many family or social problems.
3. Psychological and Physical Harm to the Spy
Spying is a bad social habit that brings harms and consequences on the person himself. As stated in al-Kaheel's Encyclopedia of Miracles in the Quran and Sunnah, Miracles in Medicine: "Other studies have shown that talking too much, chatter, the love of spying on others and snooping on people, leads over time to poor memory and affects the function of the heart, even the brain is influenced by what scientists call the spy complex that many suffer from today."
The Quranic Command
(O believers! Avoid many suspicions, for indeed, some suspicions are sinful. And do not spy, nor backbite one another. Would any of you like to eat the flesh of their dead brother? You would despise that! And fear Allah. Surely Allah is the Accepter of Repentance, Most Merciful.) Surah Al Hujurat 49: 12.
لماذا نهى الله تعالى الإنسان عن التجسس؟
يذكر الجواب ثلاثة أسباب لتحريم التجسس في آية الحجرات 49:12: أن فيه انتهاكا لخصوصية الناس لأن للبيوت والأماكن الخاصة حرمة، وأنه يكشف ما يسوء الآخرين فيسبب مشاكل أسرية واجتماعية، وأنه يضر المتجسس نفسه، ونقل في ذلك عن موسوعة الكحيل.
يقرن القرآن الكريم تحريم التجسس مباشرة بكبائر الذنوب المتمثلة في سوء الظن والغيبة، موضحا كيف تعمل هذه العادات المدمرة الثلاث معا على تخريب المجتمع.
أسباب التحريم
1. انتهاك الخصوصية
نهى الله عنه لأن فيه انتهاكا لخصوصية الناس. فالبيوت والأماكن الخاصة لها حرمة ولا يجوز الاعتداء عليها.
2. الدمار الأسري والاجتماعي
وعادة التجسس تكشف للإنسان الذي يتجسس عن أشياء تسوء للآخرين ويمكن أن تؤذيهم. وبذلك يتسبب في مشاكل أسرية أو اجتماعية كثيرة.
3. أضرار نفسية وجسدية على الجاسوس
التجسس عادة اجتماعية سيئة ولها أضرار وعواقب على الإنسان نفسه. كما جاء في موسوعة الكحيل في الإعجاز في القرآن والسنة الإعجاز في الطب: "وأثبتت دراسات أخرى أن كثرة الكلام والثرثرة وحب التجسس ومراقبة الآخرين، يؤدي مع الزمن إلى ضعف الذاكرة ويؤثر على نظام عمل القلب، حتى إن الدماغ يتأثر بما يسميه العلماء عقدة التجسس والتي يعاني منها كثيرون اليوم".
الأمر القرآني
يقول تبارك وتعالى: (يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثِيرًا مِنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ وَلَا تَجَسَّسُوا وَلَا يَغْتَبْ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا أَيُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيْتًا فَكَرِهْتُمُوهُ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَوَّابٌ رَحِيمٌ) الحجرات 49: 12.
1. What Spying Means | معنى التجسس
Ibn Kathir explains do not spy as: do not spy on one another; tajassus is mostly used for evil, and from it comes the word for a spy. He quotes al-Awza'i: tajassus is searching for something, and tahassus is listening to people's conversation when they dislike it, or eavesdropping at their doors. Ibn Mas'ud, when told of a man whose beard was dripping with wine, said: We have been forbidden to spy, but if something becomes apparent to us, we act on it.
قال ابن كثير: "(ولا تجسسوا) أي: على بعضكم بعضا. والتجسس غالبا يطلق في الشر، ومنه الجاسوس"، ونقل عن الأوزاعي: "التجسس: البحث عن الشيء. والتحسس: الاستماع إلى حديث القوم وهم له كارهون، أو يتسمع على أبوابهم". ولما قيل لابن مسعود: هذا فلان تقطر لحيته خمرا، قال: "إنا قد نهينا عن التجسس، ولكن إن يظهر لنا شيء نأخذ به".
2. Homes Are Inviolable | حرمة البيوت
Allah says: O you who believe, do not enter houses other than your own until you have asked permission and greeted their people (An-Nur 24:27). When a man peeped through a hole into the Prophet's room, he said: Had I known you were looking, I would have poked your eye with it; seeking permission was prescribed only because of sight (Sahih al-Bukhari 6241). He also said that if someone looks into your house without permission and you throw a pebble that injures his eye, there is no blame on you (Sahih al-Bukhari 6902).
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَدْخُلُوا بُيُوتًا غَيْرَ بُيُوتِكُمْ حَتَّىٰ تَسْتَأْنِسُوا وَتُسَلِّمُوا عَلَىٰ أَهْلِهَا (سورة النور: 27)
قال الله تعالى: يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتكم حتى تستأنسوا وتسلموا على أهلها (النور 24:27). ولما اطلع رجل من جحر في حجرة النبي ﷺ قال: "لو أعلم أنك تنظر لطعنت به في عينك، إنما جعل الاستئذان من أجل البصر" (صحيح البخاري 6241)، وقال: "لو أن امرأ اطلع عليك بغير إذن فخذفته بعصاة ففقأت عينه لم يكن عليك جناح" (صحيح البخاري 6902).
3. The Punishment for Eavesdropping | عقوبة التسمع
The Prophet said: Whoever listens to people's conversation while they dislike it, or flee from him, molten lead will be poured into his ears on the Day of Resurrection (Sahih al-Bukhari 7042). He also said: Beware of suspicion, for suspicion is the most false of speech; do not look for faults and do not spy (Sahih al-Bukhari 6066).
قال النبي ﷺ: "ومن استمع إلى حديث قوم وهم له كارهون أو يفرون منه، صب في أذنه الآنك يوم القيامة" (صحيح البخاري 7042)، وقال: "إياكم والظن، فإن الظن أكذب الحديث، ولا تحسسوا، ولا تجسسوا" (صحيح البخاري 6066).
Scholarly Insight: Al-Hujurat 49:12 forbids suspicion, spying (Tajassus), and backbiting together, and the Prophet joined them in one warning: beware of suspicion, do not look for faults, and do not spy (Sahih al-Bukhari 6066). Al-Awza'i, quoted by Ibn Kathir, defines spying as searching for people's hidden matters and eavesdropping as listening to them against their will. Islam protects the privacy of the home: seeking permission was prescribed because of sight (Sahih al-Bukhari 6241). Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nur.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What harm does spying cause?
The answer names three harms: it violates people's privacy, it uncovers what is bad for others and causes family and social problems, and it harms the spy himself, for which it quotes al-Kaheel's encyclopedia.
Why is spying mentioned alongside suspicion in the Quran?
Al-Hujurat 49:12 forbids suspicion, spying, and backbiting together, and the Prophet said: beware of suspicion, for it is the most false of speech; do not look for faults and do not spy (Sahih al-Bukhari 6066).
Is a person's home a sanctuary in Islam?
Yes. Allah forbids entering others' houses before asking permission and greeting their people (An-Nur 24:27), and the Prophet said that seeking permission was prescribed because of sight (Sahih al-Bukhari 6241).
What is the punishment for eavesdropping?
The Prophet said that whoever listens to people's conversation while they dislike it will have molten lead poured into his ears on the Day of Resurrection (Sahih al-Bukhari 7042).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →