What Is Zakat?
ما هي الزكاة؟
What is Zakat?
Zakat is the third pillar of Islam. It is a mandatory act of worship requiring Muslims whose wealth reaches a specific threshold (Nisab) to give a calculated portion to the poor and needy, purifying their remaining wealth and soul.
Understanding Zakat is fundamental, as it represents the core financial obligation placed upon a Muslim by Allah.
What does the word Zakat mean in Islam?
Linguistically, Zakat means purification, growth, and blessing. In Islamic law, it is the estimated share of money that Allah ordered to be taken from one's wealth and given to those who deserve it.
Is Zakat the same as a voluntary charity (Sadaqah)?
While Zakat is sometimes referred to as charity (Sadaqah) in the Quran, it is specifically a mandatory alms-tax. Unlike general voluntary charity, Zakat is obligatory, has specific thresholds, and must be distributed to specific categories of people.
Who is meant to receive Zakat?
According to Surah At-Tawbah (9:60), Zakat is primarily designated for the poor and the needy, along with other specific vulnerable categories to ensure the community's welfare.
The Definition and Evidence of Zakat
1. The Definition of Zakat
Zakat is the estimated share of the money that Almighty Allah ordered to take from one’s wealth and spend on the people who are deserving of it, and also called charity. (Linguistically, the word Zakat means purification, growth, and blessing. It is the third pillar of Islam. The Prophet ﷺ said: "Islam is built upon five: testifying that there is no deity but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establishing the prayer, paying Zakat, Hajj, and fasting Ramadan." Sahih Al-Bukhari 8)
2. The Quranic Evidence and Recipients
(Alms-tax is only for the poor and the needy,) At-Tawba 9:60. (This verse outlines the specific categories of people eligible to receive Zakat. By legally transferring this wealth, the Muslim community ensures that money circulates to support the most vulnerable, thereby relieving need and supporting social solidarity through the prescribed recipients).
Scholarly Insight: In Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh), Zakat is not merely a voluntary charitable gift given out of generosity; it is an established, undeniable right (Haqq Ma'lum) of the poor over the wealth of the rich. A Muslim's wealth is not considered completely pure until this designated share is extracted. For monetary wealth, Nisab and a lunar year are generally required; crops and fruits have their due at harvest (6:141), with asset-specific conditions. Knowing denial of the established obligation is disbelief, while withholding out of stinginess is a grave sin and the ruler collects the due right, as illustrated by Abu Bakr's words in Sahih al-Bukhari 1399. Scholars add that a person who does not know the obligation, such as a new Muslim, is taught it rather than judged.
ما هي الزكاة؟
الزكاة هي الركن الثالث من أركان الإسلام. وهي عبادة مالية واجبة تتطلب من المسلمين الذين بلغت ثروتهم النصاب إخراج جزء محدد للفقراء والمحتاجين، مما يطهر أموالهم المتبقية ويزكي أنفسهم.
فهم الزكاة أمر أساسي، حيث تمثل الالتزام المالي الرئيسي الذي فرضه الله على المسلم.
تعريف الزكاة ودليلها
1. تعريف الزكاة
الزكاة هي الحصة المقدرة من المال التي أمر الله تعالى بإخراجها وإنفاقها على المستحقين وتسمى أيضًا صدقة. (ولغوياً تعني كلمة الزكاة النماء والزيادة والطهارة. وهي الركن الثالث من أركان الإسلام، لقول النبي ﷺ: "بني الإسلام على خمس: شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله وأن محمداً رسول الله، وإقام الصلاة، وإيتاء الزكاة، والحج، وصوم رمضان" صحيح البخاري 8) وجحد فرضيتها بعد العلم بها كفر، أما منعها بخلاً فذنب عظيم ويأخذ الحاكم الحق الواجب، كما في موقف أبي بكر في صحيح البخاري 1399. ومن جهل فرضيتها، كحديث العهد بالإسلام، يعلمه العلماء بدلاً من الحكم عليه.
2. الدليل القرآني والمستحقون
قال تعالى (إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ) التوبة 9: 60. (تحدد هذه الآية الكريمة الفئات المحددة المستحقة للزكاة. ومن خلال نقل هذه الثروة شرعياً، يضمن المجتمع الإسلامي تداول المال لدعم الفئات الأكثر ضعفاً، بما يسهم في سد الحاجة وتعزيز التكافل الاجتماعي عن طريق المصارف الشرعية).
1. Linguistic and Theological Meaning of Zakat | المعنى اللغوي والشرعي لفريضة الزكاة
Linguistically, Zakat signifies purification, growth, and blessing. In Islamic theology, it is the predetermined portion of qualifying wealth that Allah commands the wealthy to distribute to designated recipients, purifying the remaining assets from spiritual taint and greed.
خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِمْ بِهَا (سورة التوبة 9:103)
الزكاة في لسان العرب تدل على النماء والزيادة والطهارة والبركة؛ وفي الشرع الإسلامي: هي حق معلوم يجب في أموال مخصوصة لطائفة مخصوصة بشروط محددة؛ فتطهر باطن المزكي من دنس الشح، وتزكي نفسه بأداء الحق الواجب في ماله، ولا تجعل المال المكتسب بطريق محرم حلالاً، وتنمي البركة فيه.
2. The Third Pillar of Islam | الركن الثالث من أركان الإسلام العظام
Zakat stands alongside the Shahada and prayer as the third structural pillar of Islam. The Prophet emphasized this in his instruction to Mu'adh ibn Jabal upon sending him to Yemen: "Inform them that Allah has obligated upon them charity taken from their wealthy and given to their poor."
تُؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ وَتُرَدُّ عَلَى فُقَرَائِهِمْ (صحيح البخاري 1395)
تتبوأ الزكاة مكانة سنية في بنيان الدين؛ فهي الركن الثالث المكمل للتوحيد والصلاة؛ وقد قرر النبي ﷺ عدالتها الاجتماعية في وصيته لمعاذ بن جبل: "تؤخذ من أغنيائهم وترد على فقرائهم"، لتدوير الثروة وسد خلة المعوزين.
3. Core Mechanisms: Nisab, Hawl, and Rates | المعايير الشرعية: النصاب والحول والمقادير الواجبة
Zakat has criteria that depend on the kind of wealth. For gold, the legal threshold is twenty dinars, commonly estimated today at about 85 grams of pure gold; for silver it is two hundred dirhams, commonly estimated at about 595 grams. Cash assessments use a gold or silver standard according to the adopted ruling. Monetary wealth and trade goods generally require a lunar year and a 2.5% payment; agricultural produce is assessed at harvest under different rates and conditions.
وَالَّذِينَ فِي أَمْوَالِهِمْ حَقٌّ مَعْلُومٌ * لِلسَّائِلِ وَالْمَحْرُومِ (سورة المعارج 70:24-25)
تختلف شروط الزكاة ومقاديرها باختلاف نوع المال. فنصاب الذهب عشرون ديناراً، ويقدر عادة بنحو 85 جراماً من الذهب الخالص، ونصاب الفضة مائتا درهم ويقدر عادة بنحو 595 جراماً. ويقوم نصاب النقد بالذهب أو الفضة وفق الحكم الفقهي المتبع. وفي النقد وعروض التجارة ربع العشر عند تحقق شروط النصاب والحول؛ أما الزروع والثمار فتزكى عند حصادها بأحكامها ومقاديرها.
4. Socioeconomic Justice and Eliminating Poverty | تحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية ومنع احتكار الثروة
Zakat supports eligible recipients and directs wealth toward the needs named in Surah At-Tawbah 9:60. Surah Al-Hashr 59:7 concerns the distribution of fay and warns against wealth circulating only among the rich, illustrating a related social concern. Zakat relieves hardship and strengthens solidarity through correct payment and distribution.
كَيْ لَا يَكُونَ دُولَةً بَيْنَ الْأَغْنِيَاءِ مِنْكُمْ (سورة الحشر 59:7)
تصرف الزكاة للمستحقين الذين سماهم الله في سورة التوبة 9:60، فتسد حاجات الفقراء والمساكين وغيرها من المصارف المقررة. وتتكلم سورة الحشر 59:7 عن قسمة الفيء، وتبين منع حصر تداول المال بين الأغنياء، وهو معنى اجتماعي ذو صلة. وأداء الزكاة على وجهها يخفف الحاجة ويعين المستحقين ويقوي التكافل.
Scholarly Insight: Zakat transforms wealth from a private instrument of personal greed into an engine of communal elevation and spiritual purification. Read more in the tafsir of Surah At-Tawbah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What does the word "Zakat" mean linguistically?
Purification, growth, increase, and blessing.
What is the minimum threshold of wealth required before Zakat is due?
The Nisab is the relevant asset threshold: gold is commonly estimated at about 85 grams of pure gold and silver at about 595 grams. Cash is assessed against a gold or silver standard under the ruling followed.
What is the standard Zakat percentage due on cash and trade merchandise?
2.5% (one-fortieth) of the total qualifying wealth after one full lunar year.
What is the main socioeconomic purpose of Zakat?
To support the eligible recipients named in Surah At-Tawbah 9:60, relieve need, and strengthen social solidarity through the obligatory transfer of qualifying wealth.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →