What Is the Stance of the People of the Book Toward Jesus (PBUH)?
ما هو موقف أهل الكتاب من عيسى عليه السلام؟
Some of them made Jesus a god, some said 'he is the son of God', and some accused his mother of indecency (this last is the stance of the Jews).
منهم من جعله إلها ومنهم من جعله ابن الله ومنهم من اتهم أمه بالفاحشة وهذا موقف اليهود
1. The Two Extremes: Rejection versus Deification | الإفراط والتفريط: الغلو والجحود في شأن المسيح
The Quran shows how the People of the Book divided over Prophet Isa. The Jews rejected him, made an outrageous accusation against Maryam (An-Nisa 4:156) and boasted that they had killed him (4:157), which is answered in how the life of Prophet Jesus ended on earth, while the Christians raised him to divine status and spoke of a Trinity (4:171), as answered in whether Jesus is the son of God.
يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لَا تَغْلُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ وَلَا تَقُولُوا عَلَى اللَّـهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ (سورة النساء: 171)
يبين القرآن الكريم افتراق أهل الكتاب في عيسى بين تفريط وغلو: فاليهود جحدوا رسالته وقالوا على أمه بهتانًا عظيمًا (النساء 4: 156) وزعموا أنهم قتلوه (النساء 4: 157)، بينما غلا النصارى فيه حتى جعلوه إلهًا وابنًا لله وقالوا بالتثليث (النساء 4: 171).
2. The Divine Warning Against Religious Excess (Ghuluw) | النهي الإلهي عن الغلو والافتراء على الله
The Quran addresses the People of the Scripture with an urgent call to moderation: to refrain from committing excess (ghuluw) in religion and to speak only truth regarding Allah, affirming that the Messiah "was no more than a messenger of Allah and the fulfilment of His Word through Mary and a spirit ˹created by a command˺ from Him" (4:171).
إِنَّمَا الْمَسِيحُ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّـهِ (سورة النساء: 171)
خاطب القرآن أهل الكتاب بالنهي الصريح عن الغلو ومجاوزة الحد في الدين، ونهاهم عن نسبة الشريك أو الولد إلى الله جل وعلا، مؤكداً أن المسيح عيسى ابن مريم (رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَكَلِمَتُهُ أَلْقَاهَا إِلَىٰ مَرْيَمَ وَرُوحٌ مِّنْهُ) (النساء 4: 171).
3. Rejection of Trinitarian Doctrine in the Quran | إبطال عقيدة التثليث وبيان التوحيد الخالص
Surah Al-Ma'idah emphatically disavows Trinitarian theology, declaring that those who say Allah is the Messiah or the third of three have uttered clear disbelief. The verse before it warns that whoever associates others with Allah will be forbidden Paradise (5:72).
لَّقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّـهَ ثَالِثُ ثَلَاثَةٍ وَمَا مِنْ إِلَـٰهٍ إِلَّا إِلَـٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ (سورة المائدة: 73)
أبطل القرآن في سورة المائدة القول بأن الله هو المسيح ابن مريم (المائدة 5: 72) والقول بأن الله ثالث ثلاثة (المائدة 5: 73)، وبيّن أن الإله واحد لا شريك له، وحذّر من أن من يشرك بالله فقد حرم الله عليه الجنة (المائدة 5: 72).
4. Jesus's Own Message to the Children of Israel | شهادة المسيح الصريحة بدعوة التوحيد
The Quran quotes Prophet Jesus directly calling the Children of Israel to worship Allah alone, stating: "Worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord." He explicitly warned that whoever associates partners with Allah will be denied Paradise.
وَقَالَ الْمَسِيحُ يَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ اعْبُدُوا اللَّـهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ (سورة المائدة: 72)
شهد القرآن بأن المسيح نفسه كان يدعو بني إسرائيل صراحة إلى التوحيد قائلاً: "اعبدوا الله ربي وربكم"، وحذرهم من أن الشرك بالله يحرم العبد من الجنة ويوجب له النار.
5. The Balanced Islamic Middle Path | المنهج الإسلامي الوسطي في حب الأنبياء وتوقيرهم
Islam takes the balanced middle path: it honours Isa as one of the Messengers of Firm Resolve (46:35; Ibn Kathir reports that the best-known view names Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa and Muhammad), affirms his virgin birth and that Allah raised him to Himself (4:158), and keeps an absolute distinction between the Creator and His creation.
فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّـهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَلَا تَقُولُوا ثَلَاثَةٌ انتَهُوا خَيْرًا لَّكُمْ (سورة النساء: 171)
يمثل الإسلام الموقف العدل والوسطية الحق: فيعظم عيسى عليه السلام بصفته من أولي العزم من الرسل (الأحقاف 46: 35؛ وأشهر الأقوال كما ينقل ابن كثير أنهم خمسة: نوح، إبراهيم، موسى، عيسى، محمد ﷺ)، ويؤمن بولادته من غير أب ورفعه إلى الله (النساء 4: 158)، مع تنزيه الله المطلق عن الولد والشريك.
Scholarly Insight: Umar, speaking from the pulpit, reports that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said, forbidding praise like that given to Jesus (Sahih al-Bukhari 3445): “Do not praise me excessively as the Christians praised the son of Mary excessively. I am only His servant, so say: Allah's servant and His messenger.” See worshipping Allah and honouring Prophet Muhammad. Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nisa.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What were the two opposite views held by the People of the Book toward Jesus?
One faction rejected him completely and accused him falsely, while the other faction committed excess by declaring him God or the son of God.
What does the Quran say about the concept of Trinity?
The Quran explicitly refutes the Trinity in Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:73), stating that there is no deity except the One God, Allah.
What was Jesus's actual command to his followers regarding worship?
He commanded them to worship Allah alone, stating: "Worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord" (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:72).
How does Islam position Prophet Jesus between these two extremes?
Islam affirms the middle path: he is a highly revered messenger and servant of Allah, born of a virgin mother by divine command, but entirely free of divinity.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →