What Are the Minor Death and the Major Death?
ما هو الموت الأصغر وما هو الموت الأكبر؟
The minor death is when one sleeps and the major one is the end of one's life.
(Allah takes the souls at the time of their death, and those that do not die [He takes] during their sleep. Then He keeps those for which He has decreed death and releases the others for a specified term. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought.) [Az-Zumar 39:42]
الموت الأصغر هو نوم الإنسان والموت الأكبر هو نهاية حياة.
(اللَّهُ يَتَوَفَّى الْأَنفُسَ حِينَ مَوْتِهَا وَالَّتِي لَمْ تَمُتْ فِي مَنَامِهَا ۖ فَيُمْسِكُ الَّتِي قَضَىٰ عَلَيْهَا الْمَوْتَ وَيُرْسِلُ الْأُخْرَىٰ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ) [الزمر 39: 42]
1. The Major Taking and the Minor Taking | الوفاة الكبرى والوفاة الصغرى
Ibn Kathir explains that Allah takes the souls in the major taking, through the angels He sends who take them from the bodies, and in the minor taking at sleep. In this verse He mentions the major and then the minor, and in Surah Al-An’am (6:60-61) the minor and then the major. Then He keeps those for which He has decreed death and sends the others back for a specified term (39:42): Ibn Abbas said, He keeps the souls of the dead and sends back the souls of the living, and makes no mistake; al-Suddi said: until the rest of its term. How many deaths and lives the Quran mentions is answered in how many deaths and lives of mankind the Quran mentions.
فَيُمْسِكُ الَّتِي قَضَىٰ عَلَيْهَا الْمَوْتَ وَيُرْسِلُ الْأُخْرَىٰ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى (سورة الزمر: 42)
قال ابن كثير: يخبر تعالى عن نفسه الكريمة بأنه يتوفى الأنفس الوفاة الكبرى، بما يرسل من الحفظة الذين يقبضونها من الأبدان، والوفاة الصغرى عند المنام، وذكر في سورة الأنعام الوفاتين: الصغرى ثم الكبرى، وفي هذه الآية ذكر الكبرى ثم الصغرى، (فيمسك التي قضى عليها الموت ويرسل الأخرى إلى أجل مسمى) (الزمر 39: 42)، قال السدي: إلى بقية أجلها، وقال ابن عباس: يمسك أنفس الأموات، ويرسل أنفس الأحياء، ولا يغلط.
2. He Takes You by Night | وهو الذي يتوفاكم بالليل
It is He who takes you by night and knows what you have earned by day, then He raises you in it so that a specified term may be fulfilled (6:60). Ibn Kathir says Allah takes His servants in their sleep at night, and this is the minor taking; then He raises you in it means in the day, as Mujahid, Qatadah and al-Suddi said; and the specified term is the term of each person. What the Quran says about the soul is gathered in the soul in the Quran.
وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَتَوَفَّاكُم بِاللَّيْلِ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا جَرَحْتُم بِالنَّهَارِ ثُمَّ يَبْعَثُكُمْ فِيهِ لِيُقْضَىٰ أَجَلٌ مُّسَمًّى (سورة الأنعام: 60)
قال تعالى: (وهو الذي يتوفاكم بالليل ويعلم ما جرحتم بالنهار ثم يبعثكم فيه ليقضى أجل مسمى) (الأنعام 6: 60)، قال ابن كثير: يخبر تعالى أنه يتوفى عباده في منامهم بالليل، وهذا هو التوفي الأصغر، (ويعلم ما جرحتم بالنهار) أي: ما كسبتم من الأعمال بالنهار، (ثم يبعثكم فيه) أي: في النهار، قاله مجاهد وقتادة والسدي، (ليقضى أجل مسمى) يعني به: أجل كل واحد من الناس.
3. Sleep, Rest and the Rising | والنوم سباتا وجعل النهار نشورا
He is the One who made the night a garment for you, and sleep a rest, and made the day a rising (25:47); Ibn Kathir explains that sleep cuts off movement so that the body and the soul rest together. Under 39:42 he cites the Prophet’s words: when one of you goes to bed, let him shake out his bed with the inside of his lower garment, for he does not know what came onto it after him, then say: in Your name, my Lord, I lay down my side, and by You I raise it; if You keep my soul, have mercy on it, and if You send it back, protect it with what You protect Your righteous servants (Sahih al-Bukhari 6320). And when the Prophet got up he said: praise be to Allah who gave us life after He had caused us to die, and to Him is the rising (Sahih al-Bukhari 6312).
وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ لِبَاسًا وَالنَّوْمَ سُبَاتًا وَجَعَلَ النَّهَارَ نُشُورًا (سورة الفرقان: 47)
قال تعالى: (وهو الذي جعل لكم الليل لباسا والنوم سباتا وجعل النهار نشورا) (الفرقان 25: 47)، قال ابن كثير: (والنوم سباتا) أي: قطعا للحركة لراحة الأبدان، فحصل النوم الذي فيه راحة البدن والروح معا، وذكر عند آية الزمر قول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: "إذا أوى أحدكم إلى فراشه فلينفض فراشه بداخلة إزاره، فإنه لا يدري ما خلفه عليه، ثم يقول: باسمك رب وضعت جنبي، وبك أرفعه، إن أمسكت نفسي فارحمها، وإن أرسلتها فاحفظها بما تحفظ به عبادك الصالحين" (صحيح البخاري 6320)، وكان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا قام قال: "الحمد لله الذي أحيانا بعد ما أماتنا وإليه النشور" (صحيح البخاري 6312).
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir explains that Allah takes the souls in two ways, the major taking at death and the minor taking in sleep, and that 39:42 mentions the major before the minor while 6:60-61 mentions the minor before the major. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Az-Zumar.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What is the minor death?
Sleep. Allah takes the souls of those who have not died during their sleep (39:42), which Ibn Kathir calls the minor taking.
What is the major death?
The end of a person’s life, when the soul is taken and kept, which Ibn Kathir calls the major taking.
Which verse mentions both?
Allah takes the souls at the time of their death, and those that do not die during their sleep, then keeps those for which He has decreed death and releases the others for a specified term (39:42).
What did the Prophet say when he woke up?
Praise be to Allah who gave us life after He had caused us to die, and to Him is the rising (Sahih al-Bukhari 6312).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →