What Is Hypocrisy From an Islamic View?
ما هو النفاق في المفهوم الإسلامي؟
What is hypocrisy from an Islamic view?
The answer divides hypocrisy into two kinds: hypocrisy of belief, the major kind, showing Islam while concealing disbelief, which takes a person out of the religion (An-Nisa 4:145); and hypocrisy of deeds, the minor kind, doing deeds of the hypocrites while faith remains, as in the hadith of the four traits.
1. Hypocrisy in Faith (Major Hypocrisy)
It is the major hypocrisy, in which a person shows Islam and conceals disbelief. This kind takes a person out of the religion, and its holder abides forever in the Fire. Because their deception directly targets Allah and the believers, their punishment is the most severe.
Allah says: (Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depth of the Fire, and you will never find for them a helper) Surah An-Nisa 4:145.
2. Practical Hypocrisy (Minor Hypocrisy)
It is the minor hypocrisy: doing one of the deeds of the hypocrites while faith remains in the heart, and it does not take its doer out of Islam. Such a person has both faith and hypocrisy in him, and if these deeds become many, he becomes a pure hypocrite because of them.
The Four Traits of a Practical Hypocrite
As the Messenger of Allah said: (Four traits, whoever has them is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of them has a trait of hypocrisy until he gives it up: when he is entrusted, he betrays; when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a covenant, he breaks it treacherously; and when he quarrels, he behaves wickedly.)
ما هو النفاق في المفهوم الإسلامي؟
يقسم الجواب النفاق قسمين: النفاق الاعتقادي الأكبر، وهو إظهار الإسلام وإبطان الكفر، وهو مخرج من الملة (النساء 4:145)، والنفاق العملي الأصغر، وهو عمل شيء من أعمال المنافقين مع بقاء الإيمان، كما في حديث الخصال الأربع.
النفاق الاعتقادي (الأكبر)
وهو النفاق الأكبر الذي يظهر صاحبه الإسلام ويبطن الكفر، وهذا النوع مخرج من الملة وصاحبه مخلد في النار. ولأن خداعهم يستهدف الله والمؤمنين مباشرة، فإن عقوبتهم هي الأشد.
قال الله تعالى: (إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ فِي الدَّرْكِ الْأَسْفَلِ مِنَ النَّارِ وَلَن تَجِدَ لَهُمْ نَصِيرًا) النساء 4: 145.
النفاق العملي (الأصغر)
وهو النفاق الأصغر، وهو عمل شيء من أعمال المنافقين مع بقاء الإيمان في القلب، وهذا لا يخرج صاحبه من الإسلام. وهو يكون فيه إيمان ونفاق وإذا كثرت أفعاله صار بسببه منافقا خالصا.
خصال النفاق العملي الأربع
لقول الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم: (أربع من كن فيه كان منافقا خالصا، ومن كانت فيه خصلة منهن كانت فيه خصلة من النفاق حتى يدعها: إذا اؤتمن خان، وإذا حدث كذب، وإذا عاهد غدر، وإذا خاصم فجر).
1. Two Kinds of Hypocrisy | نوعا النفاق
Ibn Kathir writes that hypocrisy is of kinds: hypocrisy of belief, which keeps its holder in the Fire forever, and hypocrisy of deeds, which is among the greatest sins (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Al-Baqarah 2:8). Ibn Rajab defines the major hypocrisy as a person showing faith in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day, while concealing what contradicts all or some of it (Jami' al-Ulum wal-Hikam).
قال ابن كثير في النفاق: "وهو أنواع: اعتقادي، وهو الذي يخلد صاحبه في النار، وعملي وهو من أكبر الذنوب". وعرف ابن رجب النفاق الأكبر فقال: "وهو أن يظهر الإنسان الإيمان بالله وملائكته وكتبه ورسله واليوم الآخر، ويبطن ما يناقض ذلك كله أو بعضه" (جامع العلوم والحكم).
2. What a Pure Hypocrite Means | معنى المنافق الخالص
The hadith of the four traits is in Sahih al-Bukhari 34. Al-Nawawi explains that the view of the verifying scholars and the majority is that these are traits of hypocrisy, and the one who has them resembles the hypocrites in them; his hypocrisy is toward the people he speaks to, promises, is trusted by, quarrels with, and makes covenants with, not that he is a hypocrite in Islam who hides disbelief. Some scholars said the hadith concerns one in whom these traits prevail (Sharh Sahih Muslim).
حديث الخصال الأربع في صحيح البخاري (34). وبين النووي أن الذي قاله المحققون والأكثرون أن هذه الخصال خصال نفاق، وصاحبها شبيه بالمنافقين فيها، ويكون نفاقه في حق من حدثه ووعده وائتمنه وخاصمه وعاهده من الناس، لا أنه منافق في الإسلام يظهره وهو يبطن الكفر، وقال بعض العلماء: هذا فيمن كانت هذه الخصال غالبة عليه (شرح صحيح مسلم).
3. The Door of Repentance Stays Open | باب التوبة مفتوح
Right after placing the hypocrites in the lowest depth of the Fire, Allah excepts those who repent, mend their ways, hold fast to Allah, and make their religion sincerely His: they will be with the believers (An-Nisa 4:146). Ibn Kathir explains that whoever of them repents in this world, Allah accepts his repentance and remorse if he is sincere in it, mends his deeds, and holds fast to his Lord.
إِلَّا الَّذِينَ تَابُوا وَأَصْلَحُوا وَاعْتَصَمُوا بِاللَّهِ وَأَخْلَصُوا دِينَهُمْ لِلَّهِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (سورة النساء: 146)
وبعد أن توعد الله المنافقين بأسفل النار استثنى فقال: إلا الذين تابوا وأصلحوا واعتصموا بالله وأخلصوا دينهم لله فأولئك مع المؤمنين (النساء 4:146). قال ابن كثير: "ثم أخبر تعالى أن من تاب منهم في الدنيا تاب عليه وقبل ندمه إذا أخلص في توبته وأصلح عمله، واعتصم بربه في جميع أمره".
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir divides hypocrisy into hypocrisy of belief, whose holder abides in the Fire, and hypocrisy of deeds, among the greatest sins (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Al-Baqarah 2:8). Al-Nawawi explains that the four traits make a person resemble the hypocrites in his dealings with people, without being a hypocrite who hides disbelief (Sahih al-Bukhari 34), while Ibn Rajab warns that whoever persists in these traits is feared to lose his faith and become a pure hypocrite (Jami' al-Ulum wal-Hikam). Read more in the tafsir of Surah An-Nisa.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What are the two kinds of hypocrisy in Islam?
Hypocrisy of belief, showing Islam while concealing disbelief, which takes a person out of the religion, and hypocrisy of deeds, doing some deeds of the hypocrites while faith remains; Ibn Kathir calls the second among the greatest sins.
Does minor hypocrisy take a person out of Islam?
No, as the answer states. Al-Nawawi explains that such a person resembles the hypocrites in these traits without hiding disbelief, and Ibn Rajab warns that persisting in them is feared to lead to the loss of faith.
What are the four traits of hypocrisy?
Betraying a trust, lying when speaking, breaking a covenant treacherously, and behaving wickedly in a quarrel (Sahih al-Bukhari 34).
Can a hypocrite repent?
Yes. Allah excepts those who repent, mend their ways, hold fast to Allah, and make their religion sincerely His: they will be with the believers (An-Nisa 4:146).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →