What Are the Crimes That Deserve the Death Penalty in the Sharia?
تفرض الشريعة الإسلامية عقوبة القتل على بعض الجرائم. فما الجرائم التي تستحق عقوبة القتل في الشريعة الإسلامية؟
What are those crimes that deserve the death penalty?
The answer lists five crimes for which the Sharia sets the death penalty: deliberate killing, unless the victim's family pardons or accepts blood money; apostasy; adultery by a married person; passing the Muslims' news to their enemies; and banditry that takes people's wealth and lives.
The Five Crimes
The Islamic Sharia has established the death penalty for the following major crimes:
1. Deliberate Killing
He must be killed in retribution, unless the family of the slain pardons him or accepts blood money.
2. The Apostate
He is the one who disbelieves after having been a Muslim. The Messenger of Allah said: (Whoever changes his religion, kill him.) Narrated by al-Bukhari.
3. The Married Adulterer
He is the one who commits the crime of adultery, whether a man or a woman, and the punishment is stoning to death, to purify society.
4. The Spy
He is the one who passes on the news of the Muslims to their enemies, exposing the whole nation to great danger.
5. The Bandit
He is the armed aggressor who terrorizes people on the road and robs them of their wealth and their lives.
ما الجرائم التي تستحق عقوبة القتل في الشريعة الإسلامية؟
يذكر الجواب خمس جرائم جعلت لها الشريعة عقوبة القتل: القتل العمد إلا أن يعفو أولياء المقتول أو يرضوا بالدية، والردة، والزنا من المحصن، ونقل أخبار المسلمين إلى أعدائهم، وقطع الطريق الذي يسلب الناس أموالهم وأرواحهم.
الجرائم الخمس
تفرض الشريعة الإسلامية عقوبة القتل على الجرائم الكبرى التالية:
1. القتل العمد
حيث يجب قتله قصاصا، إلا إن عفا عنه أولياء المقتول، أو رضوا بالدية.
2. المرتد
وهو الذي يكفر بعد إسلامه، قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: (من بدل دينه فاقتلوه) رواه البخاري.
3. الزاني المحصن
وهو من ارتكب جريمة الزنا، سواء كان رجلا أو امرأة، وتكون عقوبته الرجم حتى الموت لتطهير المجتمع.
4. الجاسوس
وهو من ينقل أخبار المسلمين إلى أعدائهم، مما يعرض الأمة بأكملها لخطر عظيم.
5. قاطع الطريق
وهو المحارب الذي يروع أمن الناس في الطريق ويسلبهم أموالهم وأرواحهم.
1. Three Cases in One Hadith | ثلاث حالات في حديث واحد
The Prophet said: The blood of a Muslim who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that I am the Messenger of Allah is not lawful except in one of three cases: a life for a life, the married adulterer, and the one who leaves the religion and abandons the community (Sahih al-Bukhari 6878). These are the first three crimes in the answer: deliberate killing, the married adulterer, and the apostate.
قال النبي ﷺ: "لا يحل دم امرئ مسلم يشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأني رسول الله إلا بإحدى ثلاث: النفس بالنفس، والثيب الزاني، والمارق من الدين التارك الجماعة" (صحيح البخاري 6878). وهذه هي الجرائم الثلاث الأولى في الجواب: القتل العمد، والزاني المحصن، والمرتد.
2. The Bandit in Surah Al-Ma'idah | المحارب في سورة المائدة
Allah says: the recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land is that they be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet cut off on opposite sides, or be exiled from the land (Al-Ma'idah 5:33). Ibn Kathir reports that the majority apply the verse by cases, as Ibn Abbas said of highway robbers: if they kill and take wealth, they are killed and crucified; if they kill without taking wealth, they are killed; if they take wealth without killing, their hands and feet are cut off on opposite sides; and if they only terrorize the road, they are exiled. Another view, reported from Ibn Abbas, Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, and others, and also from Malik, leaves the choice among these penalties to the ruler.
إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا أَن يُقَتَّلُوا أَوْ يُصَلَّبُوا أَوْ تُقَطَّعَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَرْجُلُهُم مِّنْ خِلَافٍ أَوْ يُنفَوْا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ (سورة المائدة: 33)
قال تعالى: إنما جزاء الذين يحاربون الله ورسوله ويسعون في الأرض فسادا أن يقتلوا أو يصلبوا أو تقطع أيديهم وأرجلهم من خلاف أو ينفوا من الأرض (المائدة 5:33). ونقل ابن كثير أن الجمهور على أن الآية منزلة على أحوال، كما قال ابن عباس في قطاع الطريق: "إذا قتلوا وأخذوا المال قتلوا وصلبوا، وإذا قتلوا ولم يأخذوا المال قتلوا ولم يصلبوا، وإذا أخذوا المال ولم يقتلوا قطعت أيديهم وأرجلهم من خلاف، وإذا أخافوا السبيل ولم يأخذوا مالا نفوا من الأرض"، وروي عن ابن عباس أيضا وعن سعيد بن المسيب ومجاهد وغيرهم، وحكي مثله عن مالك، أن الإمام فيه بالخيار.
3. The Enemy Spy and the Muslim Spy | الجاسوس من العدو والجاسوس المسلم
When a spy of the polytheists sat with the Companions and then slipped away, the Prophet said: Chase him and kill him (Sahih al-Bukhari 3051). When Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah, a Muslim, wrote to people of Makkah with news of the Prophet's plans, Umar asked to strike his neck, and the Prophet said: He took part in Badr (Sahih al-Bukhari 3007). Ibn al-Qayyim reports that al-Shafi'i, Ahmad, and Abu Hanifa took this as proof that a Muslim spy is not killed, while Malik and Ibn Aqil of Ahmad's school held that he may be killed, since the reason that spared Hatib is absent in others (Zad al-Ma'ad).
لما أتى النبي ﷺ عين من المشركين فجلس عند أصحابه يتحدث ثم انفتل، قال النبي ﷺ: "اطلبوه واقتلوه" (صحيح البخاري 3051). ولما كتب حاطب بن أبي بلتعة إلى أناس من المشركين من أهل مكة يخبرهم ببعض أمر رسول الله ﷺ، استأذن عمر في ضرب عنقه، فقال النبي ﷺ: "إنه قد شهد بدرا" (صحيح البخاري 3007). قال ابن القيم: "فاستدل به من لا يرى قتل المسلم الجاسوس كالشافعي وأحمد وأبي حنيفة رحمهم الله، واستدل به من يرى قتله كمالك وابن عقيل من أصحاب أحمد رحمه الله وغيرهما، قالوا: لأنه علل بعلة مانعة من القتل منتفية في غيره" (زاد المعاد).
Scholarly Insight: The Prophet named three cases in which a Muslim's blood becomes lawful: a life for a life, the married adulterer, and the one who leaves the religion and the community (Sahih al-Bukhari 6878), and Allah set the penalty for those who wage war on the roads in Al-Ma'idah 5:33. These penalties are not for individuals to carry out: al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya states that the jurists agree that only the ruler or his deputy carries out a prescribed punishment. On the Muslim spy, the answer's ruling is the view of Malik, while al-Shafi'i, Ahmad, and Abu Hanifa held that he is not killed (Zad al-Ma'ad). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Ma'idah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Which crimes carry the death penalty in Islam?
The answer lists five: deliberate killing, apostasy, adultery by a married person, spying for the enemy, and banditry that takes life and wealth; the Prophet named the first three in one hadith (Sahih al-Bukhari 6878).
Can a killer escape the death penalty?
Yes. The answer says he is killed in retribution unless the family of the slain pardons him or accepts blood money.
Who carries out these punishments?
Not individuals. Al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya states that the jurists agree that only the ruler or his deputy carries out a prescribed punishment.
Is a Muslim who spies for the enemy executed?
The answer says the spy is killed, which is the view of Malik and Ibn Aqil; al-Shafi'i, Ahmad, and Abu Hanifa held that a Muslim spy is not killed, citing the story of Hatib (Sahih al-Bukhari 3007; Zad al-Ma'ad).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →