What Accusations Did Pharaoh Bring Against Moses (PBUH)? How Did Pharaoh’s People React?
ما هي التهم التي وجهها فرعون لنبي الله موسى-عليه السلام-؟ وكيف قابل ملأ فرعون تلك الاتهامات؟
When Pharaoh saw those two Divine Signs and knew that they were extraordinary, he began to accuse Prophet Moses, in that assembly, of two accusations: The first, that he was a sorcerer who was knowledgeable about magic tricks, so that people would not believe the call of Moses. The second, that he wanted to expel them from their homelands, in other words, accusing him of being a conspirator against the homeland and its people, aiming to seize power and the country and drive its people out of it by means of his sorcery. This second accusation was meant to encourage the people to fight against whoever wanted to fragment national unity in the Pharaonic kingdom.
Based on these accusations that Pharaoh cast before his people, he wanted to draw from them the response suited to that situation, so he said to the senior advisors around him, “So what do you propose?” (Ash-Shu’ara 26:35)
The answer was: the argument of Moses had to be refuted before every individual in the Pharaonic kingdom, so that it would not undermine national unity. This would be done through the following: gathering the magicians from all the cities under the rule of the Pharaonic kingdom, with only magicians who were experts in magic coming; setting a date in that land for the competition between Moses and the magicians; and inciting people to come out against Moses, harnessing the media to broadcast the opinion adopted by Pharaoh.
(And the people were asked, “Will you join the gathering, so that we may follow the magicians if they prevail?”) Ash-Shu’ara 26:39-40
He prepared rewards and gifts for the magicians if they would defeat Allah’s Prophet Moses, peace be upon him, and win over him. (When the magicians came, they asked Pharaoh, “Shall we have a ˹suitable˺ reward if we prevail?” He replied, “Yes, and you will then certainly be among those closest to me.”) Ash-Shu’ara 26:41-42
لما رأى فرعون هاتين الآيتين وعرف أنهما خارقان للعادة، بدأ بإلقاء التهم على نبي الله موسى، وقد اتهمه في ذلك المجلس بتهمتين: التهمة الأولى: أنه ساحر عليم بفنون السحر، لئلا يصدق القوم دعوة موسى. التهمة الثانية: أنه يريد إخراجهم من أوطانهم، أي هو متآمر على الوطن وعلى أهل الوطن، ويريد أن يستولي على الحكم والبلاد ويطرد أهلها منها بواسطة السحر، والقصد من هذه التهمة أن يجد القوم في محاربة من يخل بالوحدة الوطنية في المملكة الفرعونية.
وبناء على هذه التهم التي ألقاها فرعون على قومه أراد أن يخرج منهم الجواب الذي يناسب تلك الحال، ولذا قال فرعون لأكابر المستشارين حوله: “فَمَاذَا تَأْمُرُونَ” (يُرِيدُ أَن يُخْرِجَكُم مِّنْ أَرْضِكُم بِسِحْرِهِ فَمَاذَا تَأْمُرُونَ) الشعراء 26: 35
فجاء الجواب: لا بد من إبطال حجة موسى أمام جميع الأفراد في المملكة الفرعونية لئلا يخل ذلك بالوحدة الوطنية، وذلك عن طريق: جمع السحرة من جميع المدن التي تقع تحت حكم المملكة الفرعونية، ولا يأت من السحرة إلا من كان عليمًا بالسحر؛ تحديد موعد للمباراة بين موسى والسحرة في تلك البلاد؛ تهييج الناس على الخروج، وتسخير وسائل الإعلام لبث الرأي الذي يتبناه فرعون.
(وَقِيلَ لِلنَّاسِ هَلْ أَنتُم مُّجْتَمِعُونَ ﴿٣٩﴾ لَعَلَّنَا نَتَّبِعُ السَّحَرَةَ إِن كَانُوا هُمُ الْغَالِبِينَ) الشعراء 26: 39-40 (ملاحظة: كانت الإحالة في الجواب الأصلي إلى الآية 39 وحدها، والمقتبس الآيتان 39 و40، فصُحّحت.)
جعل للسحرة مكافآت وعطايا إن هم انتصروا على نبي الله موسى-عليه السلام-. (فَلَمَّا جَاءَ السَّحَرَةُ قَالُوا لِفِرْعَوْنَ أَئِنَّ لَنَا لَأَجْرًا إِن كُنَّا نَحْنُ الْغَالِبِينَ قَالَ نَعَمْ وَإِنَّكُمْ إِذًا لَّمِنَ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ) الشعراء 26: 41-42
1. Two Accusations: Sorcery and Conspiracy | تهمتان: السحر والتآمر
Rather than acknowledging the two signs he had just witnessed as extraordinary, Pharaoh responds with two distinct charges: that Musa was a skilled sorcerer, and that he was plotting to seize the country and expel its people. Pairing a religious dismissal with a political conspiracy charge meant the accusation would resonate with anyone, regardless of whether they cared about the theological argument itself.
بدلا من الاعتراف بأن الآيتين اللتين شهدهما للتو خارقتان للعادة، يرد فرعون بتهمتين متمايزتين: أن موسى ساحر ماهر، وأنه يتآمر للاستيلاء على البلاد وإخراج أهلها. واقتران الرفض الديني بتهمة المؤامرة السياسية جعل الاتهام يلقى صدى لدى أي شخص، بصرف النظر عن اهتمامه بالحجة العقدية نفسها.
2. Reframing a Religious Claim as a National Threat | تحويل دعوى دينية إلى تهديدٍ وطني
The accusation that Musa wanted to expel the people from their land turns what was fundamentally a call to worship one God into a matter of national survival. This shift matters strategically: it gave people a reason to oppose Musa rooted in self-preservation and unity, sidestepping the actual substance of his message entirely.
يحول اتهام موسى بأنه يريد إخراج الناس من أرضهم ما كان في جوهره دعوة لعبادة إله واحد إلى مسألة بقاء وطني. ولهذا التحول أهميته الاستراتيجية: فقد منح الناس سببا لمعارضة موسى متجذرا في البقاء والوحدة، متجاوزا جوهر رسالته الفعلي تماما.
3. Seeking His Council’s Endorsement | طلب تأييد مستشاريه
Pharaoh does not simply act unilaterally; he asks his senior advisors directly, “So what do you propose?” This detail shows Pharaoh building a collective response rather than relying solely on his own authority, seeking his court’s buy-in before moving forward with a counter-strategy.
لا يتصرف فرعون منفردا ببساطة؛ بل يسأل كبار مستشاريه مباشرة: “فماذا تأمرون؟”. ويُظهر هذا التفصيل فرعون وهو يبني استجابة جماعية بدلا من الاعتماد على سلطته وحدها، طالبا موافقة بلاطه قبل المضي في استراتيجية مضادة.
4. Mobilizing the Public Through a Staged Gathering | تعبئة الجمهور عبر تجمعٍ منظم
Rather than simply arranging a private contest, the people themselves are asked, “Will you join the gathering, so that we may follow the magicians if they prevail?” turning the confrontation into a public spectacle designed to secure mass endorsement of Pharaoh’s side in advance. This detail reveals how deliberately the whole event was staged to shape public opinion, not merely to settle a dispute.
وبدلا من مجرد ترتيب مباراة خاصة، يُسأل الناس أنفسهم: “هل أنتم مجتمعون لعلنا نتبع السحرة إن كانوا هم الغالبين؟”، محولين المواجهة إلى عرض عام مصمم لضمان تأييد جماهيري لصف فرعون مسبقا. ويكشف هذا التفصيل مدى تعمد تدبير الحدث بأكمله لتشكيل الرأي العام، لا لمجرد حسم خلاف.
5. Buying Loyalty With Promised Rewards | شراء الولاء بالمكافآت الموعودة
Before the contest even begins, Pharaoh promises the magicians status among his closest circle if they win, securing their motivation with worldly incentive rather than any conviction about the truth of the matter. This detail sets up the magicians’ later transformation: men who had sought reward and status ended up believing outright once they witnessed what actually happened, as told in the result of the contest between Moses and the magicians.
وقبل أن تبدأ المباراة أصلا، يعد فرعون السحرة بمكانة بين أقرب المقربين إليه إن انتصروا، مؤمّنا دافعهم بحافز دنيوي لا بأي اقتناع بحقيقة الأمر. ويمهد هذا التفصيل لتحول السحرة لاحقا، إذ إن رجالا طلبوا الأجر والمكانة هم من ينتهي بهم الأمر إلى الإيمان الصريح بمجرد أن يشهدوا ما يحدث فعلا.
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir, commenting on the crowd’s pledge to follow the magicians if they won their contest with Musa (26:40): “They did not say: We will follow the truth, whether it comes from the magicians or from Musa. Rather, the subjects follow the religion of their king.” See the outcome of the magicians’ contest. Read the fuller context in the tafsir of Surah Ash-Shu’ara.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What two accusations did Pharaoh bring against Moses?
That he was a knowledgeable sorcerer, and that he was conspiring to expel the people from their land.
Why did Pharaoh frame Moses’s mission as a threat to the land itself?
To turn a religious message into a matter of national survival, giving people a reason to oppose him beyond the theological argument.
Did Pharaoh act alone in deciding how to respond?
No, he consulted his senior advisors directly, asking what they proposed.
Why was the public specifically invited to the contest?
To secure mass endorsement of Pharaoh’s side in advance, treating the confrontation as a public spectacle.
What did Pharaoh promise the magicians?
A place among those closest to him if they defeated Moses.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →