What Is the Punishment for Changing a Deceased Person's Will?
ما هو جزاء الإنسان الذي يغير وصية شخص متوفى؟
What is the punishment of anyone who changes the will of a deceased person?
The answer states that a will, once made, is a binding right that may not be changed unless it is unjust, and that whoever alters it, adds to it, or reduces it bears the sin of that change, while the reward of the will remains with the deceased (Al-Baqarah 2:181).
Fulfilling the final wishes of the deceased is a sacred trust in Islam, protected by severe divine warnings against tampering or distortion.
The Sanctity of the Will
1. A Binding Right
If the will is issued by the testator, it is a binding right that may not be changed or altered, unless the will itself is unfair or unlawful.
2. The Sin of Alteration
Whoever alters the will, distorts it, adds to it, or reduces it, the sin of this alteration falls entirely on those who make the change. Allah will hold them accountable for their actions, while the deceased is fully rewarded for their original good intention.
3. The Divine Warning
(But whoever changes the will after hearing it, the blame will only be on those who made the change. Indeed, Allah is All Hearing, All Knowing.) Al Baqara 2: 181.
ما هو جزاء الإنسان الذي يغير وصية شخص متوفى؟
يقرر الجواب أن الوصية إذا صدرت كانت حقا واجبا لا يجوز تغييره إلا إذا كانت غير عادلة، وأن من بدلها أو زاد فيها أو أنقص منها فإثم التبديل عليه، ويبقى أجر الوصية للميت (البقرة 2:181).
إن تنفيذ الوصية الأخيرة للمتوفى أمانة مقدسة في الإسلام، تحميها تحذيرات إلهية شديدة من العبث أو التحريف.
حرمة الوصية
1. حق ملزم
إذا صدرت الوصية عن الموصي كانت حقا واجبا لا يجوز تغييره ولا تبديله، إلا إذا كانت الوصية غير عادلة.
2. إثم التبديل
فمن بدل الوصية أو حرفها وزاد عليها أو أنقصها، فإثم التبديل يقع على الذين يقومون بتغيير الوصية، وَيُجَازِيهِمْ الله على نياتهم وعملهم. ويقع أجر الوصية على الميت.
3. التحذير الإلهي
(فَمَن بَدَّلَهُ بَعْدَ مَا سَمِعَهُ فَإِنَّمَا إِثْمُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ) البقرة 2: 181.
1. The Sin Falls on Whoever Changes It | الإثم على من بدل
Ibn Kathir explains that whoever alters a will, distorts it, changes its ruling, adds to it, or takes from it, and concealing it all the more, carries the sin of it, and he reports Ibn Abbas and others saying that the reward of the deceased is with Allah while the sin attaches to those who changed it. Allah hears what the deceased said and knows what those entrusted with it did (Al-Baqarah 2:181).
فَمَن بَدَّلَهُ بَعْدَمَا سَمِعَهُ فَإِنَّمَا إِثْمُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُ (سورة البقرة: 181)
قال ابن كثير: من بدل الوصية وحرفها فغير حكمها وزاد فيها أو نقص، ويدخل في ذلك الكتمان لها بطريق الأولى، فإثمه عليه. ونقل عن ابن عباس وغير واحد: "وقد وقع أجر الميت على الله، وتعلق الإثم بالذين بدلوا ذلك"، والله سميع لما أوصى به الميت عليم بما بدله الموصى إليهم (البقرة 2:181).
2. Correcting an Unjust Will | إصلاح الوصية الجائرة
The next verse lifts the blame from one who fears that the testator erred or sinned and so reconciles the parties (Al-Baqarah 2:182). Ibn Kathir reports from Ibn Abbas and others that janaf means error, whether by mistake or deliberately, and explains that the executor then corrects the will according to the Sharia, keeping as close as possible to what the deceased intended; such correction is not the forbidden alteration.
فَمَنْ خَافَ مِن مُّوصٍ جَنَفًا أَوْ إِثْمًا فَأَصْلَحَ بَيْنَهُمْ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ (سورة البقرة: 182)
رفعت الآية التالية الإثم عمن خاف من موص جنفا أو إثما فأصلح بين الورثة (البقرة 2:182). ونقل ابن كثير عن ابن عباس وغيره أن الجنف هو الخطأ، سواء كان خطأ أو تعمدا، وبين أن للوصي حينئذ أن يعدل في الوصية على الوجه الشرعي، ويعدل عما أوصى به الميت إلى أقرب الأشياء إليه جمعا بين مقصود الموصي والطريق الشرعي، وأن هذا الإصلاح ليس من التبديل في شيء.
3. Witnesses and Executors | الشهود والأوصياء
Allah forbids concealing testimony and says that whoever conceals it has a sinful heart (Al-Baqarah 2:283). A witness to a will, and an executor entrusted with it, must therefore state it truthfully and carry it out as it was made, within the limits of the Sharia.
وَلَا تَكْتُمُوا الشَّهَادَةَ ۚ وَمَن يَكْتُمْهَا فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ (سورة البقرة: 283)
نهى الله تعالى عن كتمان الشهادة وأخبر أن من يكتمها فإنه آثم قلبه (البقرة 2:283). فعلى الشاهد على الوصية والوصي المؤتمن عليها أن يؤديا الشهادة بالحق وأن ينفذا الوصية كما صدرت، في حدود الشرع.
Scholarly Insight: In Islamic Jurisprudence, protecting a will from tampering is considered a major obligation. Scholars agree that the executor of the will is acting as a trustee holding a massive responsibility. If the executor or the heirs maliciously hide, destroy, or rewrite the document to favor certain people, they carry the sin of that alteration, as Al-Baqarah 2:181 states. The only exception mentioned by scholars is if the original will contained a clear injustice, such as leaving more than one third of the estate or giving an extra share to a legal heir. In such cases of error or injustice, correcting the will to align with Sharia is actually required, as mentioned in the subsequent verse of Surah Al Baqara (2:182); Ibn Kathir notes that such correction is not the forbidden alteration. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Baqarah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Does the deceased lose their reward if the heirs change the will?
No. Ibn Kathir reports Ibn Abbas saying that the reward of the deceased is with Allah, while the sin attaches to those who changed the will (Al-Baqarah 2:181).
Are there any situations where changing a will is allowed?
Yes. If the will contains an error or an injustice, such as more than a third of the estate without the heirs' approval or a bequest to an heir, the executor corrects it according to the Sharia (Al-Baqarah 2:182). Ibn Kathir notes that this correction is not the forbidden alteration.
What should a witness do if they see the will being changed unlawfully?
State the truth. Allah forbids concealing testimony and says that whoever conceals it has a sinful heart (Al-Baqarah 2:283).
Does hiding a will count as changing it?
Yes. Ibn Kathir explains that concealing a will falls under the forbidden alteration all the more, since it prevents the will from being carried out at all.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →