Can a Muslim Make a Bequest From Their Estate for After Their Death?
هل يمكن للإنسان المسلم أن يوصي بأملاكه بعد موته؟
Can a Muslim bequeath their estate for after their death?
The answer permits a bequest on two conditions: that it stays within a third of the estate, and that it is not for an heir, because Allah has given every rightful person his due. It notes that a bequest can benefit needy relatives who do not inherit, such as non-Muslim parents, and quotes Al-Baqarah 2:180.
Islamic inheritance laws ensure that wealth is distributed fairly among family members, but the allowance of a bequest gives individuals the flexibility to support charities, needy relatives, or those excluded from standard inheritance.
Conditions of the Islamic Will
1. The Two Primary Conditions
Yes, on two conditions: that the bequest is within a third of the estate only, and that it is for someone who is not an heir, because of the hadith: Allah has given every rightful person his due.
2. Benefiting Excluded Relatives
Some relatives may be in need of the inheritance but do not legally inherit. For instance, if the parents are nonbelievers, they do not automatically inherit according to standard Islamic law, so a person may bequeath some of his estate to them through the will.
3. The Quranic Command
(It is prescribed that when death approaches any of you, if they leave something of value, a will should be made in favour of parents and immediate family with fairness. This is an obligation on those who are mindful of Allah.) Al Baqara 2: 180.
هل يمكن للإنسان المسلم أن يوصي بأملاكه بعد موته؟
يجيز الجواب الوصية بشرطين: أن تكون في حدود ثلث التركة، وأن تكون لغير وارث لأن الله أعطى كل ذي حق حقه، ويبين أنها تنفع الأقارب المحتاجين غير الوارثين كالوالدين غير المسلمين، ويستدل بالبقرة 2:180.
تضمن قوانين الميراث الإسلامية توزيع الثروة بعدل بين أفراد الأسرة، لكن تشريع الوصية يمنح الأفراد مرونة لدعم الجمعيات الخيرية، أو الأقارب المحتاجين، أو أولئك المستبعدين من الميراث الأساسي.
شروط الوصية الإسلامية
1. الشرطان الأساسيان
يمكن للإنسان الوصية بشرطين: أن تكون في حدود ثلث التركة فقط، وأن تكون الوصية لغير وارث للحديث (إن الله أعطى كل ذي حق حقه).
2. نفع الأقارب غير الوارثين
يمكن أن يخص بعض الأقارب غير الوارثين الأحوج بالوصية. وإذا كان الوالدان كافرين فإنهما لا يورثان، لذا له أن يوصي لهما ببعض ماله.
3. الأمر القرآني
(كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ إِن تَرَكَ خَيْرًا الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۖ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ) البقرة 2: 180.
1. A Third, and a Third Is a Lot | الثلث والثلث كثير
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas asked the Prophet whether he could bequeath all his wealth, and he said no; half, and he said no; a third, and he said: a third, and a third is a lot; leaving your heirs rich is better than leaving them dependent, holding out their hands to people (Sahih al-Bukhari 2742). Jurists hold that a bequest beyond a third depends on the approval of the heirs. The inheritance verses add that a bequest must cause no harm to the heirs (An-Nisa 4:12).
مِن بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصَىٰ بِهَا أَوْ دَيْنٍ غَيْرَ مُضَارٍّ (سورة النساء: 12)
قال سعد بن أبي وقاص: يا رسول الله، أوصي بمالي كله؟ قال: "لا"، قلت: فالشطر؟ قال: "لا"، قلت: الثلث؟ قال: "فالثلث، والثلث كثير، إنك أن تدع ورثتك أغنياء خير من أن تدعهم عالة يتكففون الناس" (صحيح البخاري 2742). ونص الفقهاء على أن ما زاد على الثلث موقوف على إجازة الورثة، واشترطت آية المواريث ألا تكون الوصية مضارة للورثة (النساء 4:12).
2. No Bequest for an Heir | لا وصية لوارث
The Prophet said that Allah has given every rightful person his due, so there is no bequest for an heir (Sunan Abi Dawud 2870, graded hasan sahih by al-Albani). Ibn Qudamah states that a bequest to an heir which the other heirs do not approve is invalid without disagreement among scholars, and that if they approve it, it is valid in the view of most scholars (al-Mughni). Approval counts only from heirs who are adult and of sound mind.
تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ (سورة النساء: 13)
قال النبي ﷺ: "إن الله قد أعطى كل ذي حق حقه فلا وصية لوارث" (سنن أبي داود 2870، قال الألباني: حسن صحيح). وقال ابن قدامة في المغني إن الإنسان "إذا أوصى لوارثه بوصية فلم يجزها سائر الورثة لم تصح بغير خلاف بين العلماء"، وإن أجازوها جازت في قول الجمهور. ولا تعتبر الإجازة إلا من وارث بالغ رشيد.
3. The Verse of Bequest and the Verses of Inheritance | آية الوصية وآيات المواريث
Ibn Kathir explains that the bequest to parents and relatives commanded in Al-Baqarah 2:180 was obligatory, on the sounder view, before the verses of inheritance were revealed; once the fixed shares came, the command was abrogated for heirs, and Ibn Abbas said that Allah set out the parents' inheritance and kept the bequest to relatives within a third of the estate. Relatives who do not inherit, such as non-Muslim parents, can still receive a bequest, since a Muslim and a non-Muslim do not inherit from each other (Sahih al-Bukhari 6764).
لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٌ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ الْوَالِدَانِ وَالْأَقْرَبُونَ (سورة النساء: 7)
ذكر ابن كثير أن الأمر بالوصية للوالدين والأقربين في البقرة 2:180 كان واجبا على أصح القولين قبل نزول آيات المواريث، فلما نزلت الفرائض نسخ في حق الورثة، وقال ابن عباس: فأنزل الله آية الميراث فبين ميراث الوالدين، وأقر وصية الأقربين في ثلث مال الميت. ويوصى للأقارب غير الوارثين كالوالدين غير المسلمين، لأنه "لا يرث المسلم الكافر ولا الكافر المسلم" (صحيح البخاري 6764).
Scholarly Insight: In Islamic Jurisprudence ( Fiqh ), the one third limit for bequests was established by the Prophet Muhammad pbuh in the famous Hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. When Sa'd asked if he could bequeath his entire wealth to charity, the Prophet reduced it to one third, stating: "One third, and one third is a lot. It is better to leave your heirs wealthy than to leave them poor and begging from people" (Sahih al-Bukhari 2742). Furthermore, the rule of "no bequest to an heir" exists to prevent family disputes and jealousy. Since Allah has already mandated specific shares for direct heirs in the Quran, giving an heir an extra share through a will disrupts divine justice. Ibn Qudamah reports that most scholars allow such a bequest only if the other heirs, adult and of sound mind, approve it (al-Mughni).
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Can a person bequeath more than one third of their estate?
The Prophet set a third as the limit for Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and said that a third is a lot (Sahih al-Bukhari 2742). Jurists hold that anything beyond a third depends on the approval of the heirs.
Can I leave a special bequest to one of my children who is poorer than the others?
Not without the other heirs' approval. The Prophet said that there is no bequest for an heir (Sunan Abi Dawud 2870, graded hasan sahih by al-Albani). Ibn Qudamah reports that most scholars allow it if the other heirs, adult and of sound mind, approve it.
If my parents are not Muslim, can they inherit from me?
No. The Prophet said that a Muslim does not inherit from a non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim from a Muslim (Sahih al-Bukhari 6764). You may, however, leave them a bequest within the third.
Is the verse commanding a bequest to parents still in force?
Ibn Kathir explains that the command in Al-Baqarah 2:180 was abrogated for heirs once the verses of inheritance fixed their shares, while a bequest to relatives who do not inherit remains, within a third of the estate.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →