When Was the Prophet (PBUH) Born?
متى ولد الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم؟
The Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was born in the quarter of Banu Hashim in Mecca on a Monday morning, the ninth day of the month of Rabi I, the Year of the Elephant, and this corresponds to the twentieth or twenty-second of April in 571 AD, as established by the great scholar Muhammad Sulaiman al-Mansurpuri and the astronomer Mahmoud Pasha.
ولد سيد المرسلين صلى الله عليه وسلم، بشعب بني هاشم بمكة في صبيحة يوم الاثنين التاسع من شهر ربيع الأول، عام الفيل، ويوافق ذلك العشرين أو الثاني والعشرين من شهر أبريل سنة 571 م، حسبما حققه العالم الكبير محمد سليمان المنصور فوري والمحقق الفلكي محمود باشا.
1. The Authentic Prophetic Confirmation of Monday | التحديد النبوي الثابت ليوم الاثنين المبارك
The day of the week is settled by his own words. Asked about fasting on Mondays, he said: "That is the day on which I was born, and the day on which I was sent, or on which revelation came down to me" (Sahih Muslim 1162, narrated by Abu Qatadah). Ibn Kathir adds that there is no disagreement that he was born on a Monday.
ثبت يوم مولده ﷺ بقوله؛ فقد سئل عن صوم يوم الاثنين فقال: «ذاك يوم ولدت فيه ويوم بعثت أو أنزل علي فيه» (صحيح مسلم 1162، عن أبي قتادة). وقال ابن كثير: هذا ما لا خلاف فيه أنه ولد يوم الاثنين.
2. The Month of Rabi' al-Awwal | قول الجمهور في شهر ربيع الأول واختلافهم في يومه
Most scholars place the birth in Rabi' al-Awwal but differ on the day. Ibn Kathir lists the reports: the second of the month, the eighth (which Ibn Abd al-Barr says the historians judged correct), the tenth, and the twelfth, the date Ibn Ishaq gives. The scholar's answer gives the ninth, the date the astronomer Mahmoud Pasha arrived at for that Monday.
الجمهور على أن مولده ﷺ كان في شهر ربيع الأول، واختلفوا في اليوم: فقيل لليلتين خلتا منه، وقيل لثمان خلون منه ونقل ابن عبد البر عن أصحاب التاريخ تصحيحه، وقيل لعشر، وقيل لثنتي عشرة وهو قول ابن إسحاق، كما ذكر ابن كثير. واختار الشيخ في جوابه التاسع منه تبعًا لتحقيق محمود باشا الفلكي.
3. The Year of the Elephant (Am al-Fil) | عام الفيل وحفظ البيت الحرام لظهور النبي
Ibn Ishaq says he was born in the Year of the Elephant, and Ibn Kathir calls this the view of the majority. The reports differ on how long after the elephant army was turned back: a month, forty days, or fifty days, which Ibn Kathir calls the best-known. Abraha's army had marched on the Kaaba to destroy it, and Allah turned it back, as Surah Al-Fil records.
أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِأَصْحَابِ الْفِيلِ (سورة الفيل: 1)
قال ابن إسحاق: وكان مولده عام الفيل، وهذا هو المشهور عن الجمهور كما يقول ابن كثير، واختلفوا في المدة بين الحادثة والمولد: فقيل بعدها بشهر، وقيل بأربعين يومًا، وقيل بخمسين يومًا وهو أشهر. وكان أبرهة قد قصد الكعبة ليهدمها فرد الله كيده كما في سورة الفيل.
4. Reports of Signs on the Night of His Birth | أخبار الآيات ليلة مولده
Ibn Kathir also collects reports of signs on the night of his birth, such as the palace of Chosroes shaking until fourteen of its balconies fell, and the fire of Persia going out after burning for a thousand years. He quotes them, with their chain of narrators, from al-Khara'iti's book of such reports, Hawatif al-Jan.
وأورد ابن كثير أخبارًا عما وقع ليلة مولده من الآيات، كارتجاس إيوان كسرى وسقوط أربع عشرة شرفة منه، وخمود نار فارس التي لم تخمد قبل ذلك بألف عام، ونقلها بإسنادها من كتاب هواتف الجان للخرائطي.
5. The Twentieth of April | العشرون من نيسان
The April date in the scholar's answer has an older echo: Ibn Kathir notes that al-Suhayli placed the birth on the twentieth of Nisan (April), which he called the most temperate time of the year. The year 571 CE comes from the later calculations the scholar cites.
ولتاريخ أبريل في جواب الشيخ أصل قديم؛ فقد ذكر ابن كثير أن السهيلي جعل مولده ﷺ في العشرين من نيسان، وقال: هذا أعدل الزمان والفصول. أما سنة 571م فمن حساب المحققين المتأخرين الذين نقل عنهم الشيخ.
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir explains why the army of the Elephant was turned back in the year of the Prophet's birth (105:1): “This was by way of heralding and preparing for the mission of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, for in that year he was born, according to the best-known view. The voice of destiny says: We did not grant you victory, people of Quraysh, over the Abyssinians because you were better than them, but to protect the Ancient House, which We would honor, exalt and revere by sending the unlettered Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the Seal of the Prophets.” See his Hashemite family before the mission. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Fil.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
On what day of the week was Prophet Muhammad born?
He was born on a Monday, as authenticated by the Prophet ﷺ himself in Sahih Muslim 1162.
In which month was he born?
He was born in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal.
What was the Year of the Elephant (Am al-Fil)?
It was the year in which Abraha marched with war elephants to destroy the Kaaba, and Allah destroyed his army with flocks of birds (Surah Al-Fil).
What Gregorian year corresponds to his birth?
The scholar's answer gives 20 or 22 April 571 CE, following the calculations of al-Mansurpuri and the astronomer Mahmoud Pasha.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →