Why Is Adoption Forbidden in Islam?
لماذا حرم الإسلام التبني؟
Why is adoption forbidden in Islam?
The answer gives two reasons: adoption mixes lineages and forbids what Allah made lawful, such as marrying the divorced wife of an adopted son, which the Prophet abolished by marrying Zaynab bint Jahsh; and it wastes the heirs' rights by including one who is not entitled, which may breed resentment between the orphan and the adopter's children.
While Islam highly rewards taking care of orphans, it draws a strict line against altering their legal identity. Falsely attributing a child to a lineage that is not theirs creates a cascade of religious, social, and financial complications.
1. Preventing the Intermingling of Genealogy
Adoption is forbidden in Islam so that it does not lead to an intermingling of genealogy. In addition, it forbids what Allah has made lawful, such as the adopter not marrying the divorced wife of his adopted son.
The Prophet pbuh completely invalidated this false societal restriction by marrying Lady Zaynab bint Jahsh after her divorce from Zayd ibn Harith. This monumental event serves as definitive proof that there is no restriction for marrying the wives of adopted children, successfully abolishing the traditions of ignorance.
2. Protecting the Rights of Heirs
Another major reason is so that the adoption does not result in the loss of the rights of heirs by unjustly including those who are not entitled to inheritance. Because true inheritance is the divine right of the biological children exclusively.
And because inheriting in this wrong way may create hatred, rancor, and resentment between the orphan and the adopter's real children.
لماذا حرم الإسلام التبني؟
يذكر الجواب سببين: أن التبني يؤدي إلى اختلاط الأنساب وتحريم ما أحل الله كالزواج من مطلقة الابن بالتبني، وقد أبطله النبي ﷺ بزواجه من زينب بنت جحش، وأنه يهدر حقوق الورثة بإدخال من لا يستحق، فيورث الضغينة بين اليتيم وأبناء المتبني.
في حين يكافئ الإسلام رعاية الأيتام بشكل كبير، فإنه يضع خطا صارما ضد تغيير هويتهم القانونية. إن نسبة الطفل زورا إلى نسب ليس نسبه يخلق سلسلة من التعقيدات الدينية والاجتماعية والمالية.
منع اختلاط الأنساب
لئلا يؤدي إلى اختلاط الأنساب كما أن فيها تحريم ما أحل الله، مثل عدم زواج مطلقة الابن بالتبني من المتبني.
وأبطله الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم، بزواجه من السيدة زينب بنت جحش بعد طلاقها من زيد بن حارثة، فهذا دليل قاطع على عدم الحرج من الزواج بزوجات الأبناء من التبني وإسقاط لعادات الجاهلية.
حماية حقوق الورثة
لئلا يؤدي التبني إلى إهدار حقوق الورثة بإدخال من لا يستحق من الإرث عليهم لأنه ليس بمنزلتهم. لأن الميراث من حق الأبناء الصلبيين حصرا.
ولأن التوارث بمثل هذه الطريقة الخاطئة قد يخلق البغضاء والشحناء والضغينة بين اليتيم وأبناء المتبني الحقيقيين.
1. So That There Is No Blame on the Believers | لكي لا يكون على المؤمنين حرج
Allah says: when Zayd had ended his relation with her, We married her to you, so that there would be no blame on the believers concerning the wives of their adopted sons when they have ended their relation with them (Al-Ahzab 33:37). Ibn Kathir explains: We permitted you to marry her so that no blame would remain on the believers in marrying the divorced wives of adopted sons, because the Prophet had adopted Zayd before prophethood and he was called Zayd ibn Muhammad.
فَلَمَّا قَضَىٰ زَيْدٌ مِّنْهَا وَطَرًا زَوَّجْنَاكَهَا لِكَيْ لَا يَكُونَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَرَجٌ فِي أَزْوَاجِ أَدْعِيَائِهِمْ إِذَا قَضَوْا مِنْهُنَّ وَطَرًا (سورة الأحزاب: 37)
قال الله تعالى: فلما قضى زيد منها وطرا زوجناكها لكي لا يكون على المؤمنين حرج في أزواج أدعيائهم إذا قضوا منهن وطرا (الأحزاب 33:37). قال ابن كثير: "أي: إنما أبحنا لك تزويجها وفعلنا ذلك؛ لئلا يبقى حرج على المؤمنين في تزويج مطلقات الأدعياء، وذلك أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كان قبل النبوة قد تبنى زيد بن حارثة، فكان يقال له: زيد بن محمد".
2. Sons From Your Own Loins | الأبناء الذين من أصلابكم
Among the women forbidden in marriage, Allah lists the wives of your sons who are from your own loins (An-Nisa 4:23). Ibn Kathir explains that the phrase excludes the adopted sons whom people used to adopt before Islam, citing the verse about Zayd. A son's wife is forbidden to his father only when the son is truly his.
ذكر الله تعالى من المحرمات: وحلائل أبنائكم الذين من أصلابكم (النساء 4:23). قال ابن كثير: "أي: وحرمت عليكم زوجات أبنائكم الذين ولدتموهم من أصلابكم، يحترز بذلك عن الأدعياء الذين كانوا يتبنونهم في الجاهلية"، واستشهد بآية زيد.
3. Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men | ما كان محمد أبا أحد من رجالكم
Allah says: Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets (Al-Ahzab 33:40). Ibn Kathir explains that Allah forbade saying Zayd ibn Muhammad after this, for he was not his father even though he had adopted him; and no son of the Prophet lived to reach puberty.
مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ (سورة الأحزاب: 40)
قال الله تعالى: ما كان محمد أبا أحد من رجالكم ولكن رسول الله وخاتم النبيين (الأحزاب 33:40). قال ابن كثير: "نهى أن يقال بعد هذا: زيد بن محمد، أي: لم يكن أباه وإن كان قد تبناه".
Scholarly Insight: Changing a name does not change lineage. Allah tied the forbidden daughter-in-law to sons "from your own loins", which Ibn Kathir explains as excluding adopted sons (An-Nisa 4:23), and He married His Prophet to Zaynab after Zayd divorced her so that no blame would remain on the believers in marrying the divorced wives of adopted sons (Al-Ahzab 33:37). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Ahzab.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
How does adoption forbid what Allah made lawful?
Before Islam an adopter could not marry the divorced wife of his adopted son. The answer explains that the Prophet abolished this by marrying Zaynab bint Jahsh after Zayd divorced her (Al-Ahzab 33:37).
What was the wisdom behind the Prophet marrying Zaynab bint Jahsh?
Allah states it: so that there would be no blame on the believers concerning the wives of their adopted sons (Al-Ahzab 33:37). Ibn Kathir explains that Zayd had been called Zayd ibn Muhammad before this.
How can adoption harm the heirs?
The answer explains that it brings into the inheritance one who is not entitled to it, wasting the heirs' rights and possibly creating resentment between the orphan and the adopter's real children.
Is the wife of an adopted son forbidden to the adopter?
No. Allah forbade only the wives of sons from your own loins (An-Nisa 4:23), which Ibn Kathir explains as excluding adopted sons.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →