May a Starving Person Eat What Is Forbidden?
إذا أشرف المسلم على الهلاك جوعاً ولم يجد إلا طعاماً محرماً، فهل يجوز له الأكل منه؟
Yes he can eat enough to keep him alive until he gets to the un-forbidden food.
(He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion, blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity, neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need, they will not be sinful. Surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.) [Al-Baqarah 2:173]
نعم يسمح له أن يأكل ما يسد جوعه دون الإسراف في الأكل
(إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةَ وَالدَّمَ وَلَحْمَ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ بِهِ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ ۖ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ) [البقرة 2: 173]
1. Neither Transgressing Nor Exceeding | غير باغ ولا عاد
Allah says: but whoever is compelled, neither transgressing nor exceeding the limit, there is no sin on him (2:173). Ibn Kathir explains: without transgression or aggression, which is exceeding the limit. Mujahid said: as long as he is not a highway robber, not one in rebellion against the rulers, and not one travelling in disobedience to Allah; whoever sets out as such has no concession, even if he is compelled.
فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ (سورة البقرة: 173)
قال تعالى: (فمن اضطر غير باغ ولا عاد فلا إثم عليه) (البقرة 2: 173)، قال ابن كثير: أي في غير بغي ولا عدوان، وهو مجاوزة الحد. وقال مجاهد: فمن اضطر غير باغ ولا عاد، قاطعا للسبيل أو مفارقا للأئمة أو خارجا في معصية الله، فله الرخصة، ومن خرج باغيا أو عاديا أو في معصية الله فلا رخصة له وإن اضطر إليه.
2. The Permission in Four Places | الرخصة في أربعة مواضع
The same permission comes in four places of the Quran: Al-Baqarah 2:173, Al-Ma'idah 5:3 (whoever is compelled by severe hunger, not inclining to sin), Al-An'am 6:145 and An-Nahl 16:115.
فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (سورة النحل: 115)
جاءت هذه الرخصة في أربعة مواضع من القرآن: (البقرة 2: 173)، و(الأنعام 6: 145)، و(النحل 16: 115)، وفي سورة المائدة: (فمن اضطر في مخمصة غير متجانف لإثم) (المائدة 5: 3).
3. Except What You Are Compelled To | إلا ما اضطررتم إليه
Allah says: He has explained to you what He has forbidden you, except what you are compelled to (6:119). The forbidden foods themselves are explained in the meaning of each forbidden food.
وَقَدْ فَصَّلَ لَكُم مَّا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِلَّا مَا اضْطُرِرْتُمْ إِلَيْهِ (سورة الأنعام: 119)
قال تعالى: (وقد فصل لكم ما حرم عليكم إلا ما اضطررتم إليه) (الأنعام 6: 119).
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir explains neither transgressing nor exceeding (2:173) as eating without transgression or aggression, exceeding the limit, and reports Mujahid's view that the concession is not for one who sets out in rebellion or disobedience. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Baqarah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
May a starving person eat what is forbidden?
Yes, only enough to stay alive: there is no sin on one who is compelled, neither transgressing nor exceeding the limit (2:173).
What does neither transgressing nor exceeding mean?
Ibn Kathir says: without transgression or aggression, which is exceeding the limit.
Where is this permission mentioned in the Quran?
In 2:173, 5:3, 6:145 and 16:115.
Who has no concession according to Mujahid?
One who sets out as a highway robber, in rebellion against the rulers, or in disobedience to Allah.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →