How Does a Muslim Deal With Non-Muslims at Work and Socially?
كيف يتعامل المسلم مع غير المسلمين؟ هل يجوز له العمل معهم ومصاحبتهم؟
How does a Muslim deal with non Muslims? Is it permissible for him to work with them and befriend them?
The answer permits a Muslim to work with and accompany a non-Muslim as long as he does not fear for his religion, citing cooperation in righteousness (Al-Ma'idah 5:2) and the Prophet's practice: using a polytheist woman's water, accepting food from Jews, pledging his shield with a Jew, and borrowing armor from Safwan ibn Umayyah.
1. Cooperation in Goodness
If a Muslim does not fear for his religion by working with a non Muslim or befriending him, he may freely work with him and accompany him. The foundation of this relationship is built on mutual benefit and righteousness. Allah Almighty says: (Cooperate with one another in goodness and righteousness, and do not cooperate in sin and transgression. And be mindful of Allah. Surely Allah is severe in punishment.) Surah Al Maidah 5: 2.
2. Practical Examples from the Sunnah
The practical life of the Prophet pbuh demonstrates his regular and peaceful interactions with people of different faiths. For instance, the Prophet pbuh performed ablution from a water vessel that belonged to a disbelieving woman. He also accepted an invitation to a meal from a Jewish woman, showing that sharing food and social visits are perfectly acceptable.
3. Financial and Business Transactions
Conducting business, borrowing, and lending with non Muslims is completely permissible. The Prophet pbuh died and his shield was pledged as collateral to a Jew, with 30 sa'a (a measurement that was used) of barley for his family. Furthermore, the Messenger of Allah pbuh borrowed armor from Safwan bin Umayyah, who was a polytheist at the time, during the battle of Hunayn. Safwan asked: "Is it extorted O Muhammad?" The Prophet pbuh replied: "No, rather it is a guaranteed loan."
كيف يتعامل المسلم مع غير المسلمين؟ هل يجوز له العمل معهم ومصاحبتهم؟
يجيز الجواب للمسلم العمل مع غير المسلم ومصاحبته إذا لم يخش على دينه، مستدلا بالتعاون على البر والتقوى (المائدة 5:2)، وبهدي النبي ﷺ: الماء من مزادة امرأة مشركة، وقبول طعام اليهود، ورهن درعه عند يهودي، واستعارة الأدرع من صفوان بن أمية.
التعاون على البر
إذا لم يخش المسلم على دينه من العمل مع غير المسلم أو من مصاحبته فيجوز له العمل معه ومصاحبته. أساس هذه العلاقة مبني على المنفعة المتبادلة. لأن الله تعالى قال: (وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَلَا تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ) المائدة 5: 2.
أمثلة عملية من السنة
توضح الحياة العملية للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم تعاملاته السلمية مع أصحاب الديانات الأخرى. ولأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم توضأ من مزادة امرأة مشركة. كما وقبل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم دعوة من امرأة يهودية.
المعاملات المالية والتجارية
إن إجراء المعاملات التجارية والاقتراض والإقراض مع غير المسلمين جائز تماما. كما توفي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ودرعه مرهونة عند يهودي، بثلاثين صاعا من شعير لأهله. وفي الحديث أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم استعار من صفوان بن أمية وكان مشركا يومئذ أدرعا يوم حنين، فقال: أغصب يا محمد؟ فقال: لا، بل عارية مضمونة.
1. Food From People of the Book | طعام أهل الكتاب
Anas reported that a Jewish woman brought the Prophet a poisoned sheep and he ate from it (Sahih al-Bukhari 2617), and that a Jewish man invited the Prophet to barley bread and stale fat, and he accepted (Musnad Ahmad 13201, its chain graded sahih by Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut). These are the reports behind the answer's point that the Prophet accepted food from Jews.
عن أنس بن مالك رضي الله عنه: "أن يهودية أتت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بشاة مسمومة، فأكل منها" (صحيح البخاري 2617)، وعنه: "أن يهوديا دعا النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى خبز شعير وإهالة سنخة، فأجابه" (مسند أحمد 13201، وصحح إسناده شعيب الأرنؤوط).
2. Kindness and Justice to Those Who Do Not Fight You | لا ينهاكم الله
Allah says: Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes, from being kind to them and acting justly toward them (Al-Mumtahanah 60:8). Ibn Kathir explains: He does not forbid you from doing good to the disbelievers who do not fight you over religion, such as women and the weak among them, from treating them well and being just to them.
لَّا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُم مِّن دِيَارِكُمْ أَن تَبَرُّوهُمْ وَتُقْسِطُوا إِلَيْهِمْ (سورة الممتحنة: 8)
قال تعالى: لا ينهاكم الله عن الذين لم يقاتلوكم في الدين ولم يخرجوكم من دياركم أن تبروهم وتقسطوا إليهم (الممتحنة 60:8). قال ابن كثير: "أي لا ينهاكم عن الإحسان إلى الكفرة الذين لا يقاتلونكم في الدين، كالنساء والضعفة منهم، (أن تبروهم) أي: تحسنوا إليهم (وتقسطوا إليهم) أي: تعدلوا".
3. The Shield, the Borrowed Armor, and the Water-Skins | الدرع والعارية والمزادتان
Aisha said: The Messenger of Allah died while his shield was pledged with a Jew for thirty sa' of barley (Sahih al-Bukhari 2916). He borrowed armor from Safwan ibn Umayyah on the day of Hunayn, and when Safwan asked: is it by force, O Muhammad? he said: No, it is a loan guaranteed to be returned (Sunan Abi Dawud 3562, graded sahih by al-Albani). On a journey, the Companions took water from the water-skins of a polytheist woman, and a man in a state of major impurity bathed with it (Sahih al-Bukhari 344).
قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها: "توفي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ودرعه مرهونة عند يهودي بثلاثين صاعا من شعير" (صحيح البخاري 2916). واستعار رسول الله ﷺ من صفوان بن أمية أدراعا يوم حنين فقال: "أغصب يا محمد؟ فقال: لا بل عارية مضمونة" (سنن أبي داود 3562، وصححه الألباني). وفي سفر أخذ الصحابة الماء من مزادتي امرأة مشركة واغتسل منه رجل أصابته جنابة (صحيح البخاري 344).
Scholarly Insight: The answer's condition, that the Muslim does not fear for his religion, sits alongside Allah's permission to be kind and just to non-Muslims who do not fight Muslims over religion (Al-Mumtahanah 60:8). The Prophet died with his shield pledged with a Jew (Sahih al-Bukhari 2916), borrowed armor from Safwan as a guaranteed loan (Sunan Abi Dawud 3562), and ate food from Jews (Sahih al-Bukhari 2617; Musnad Ahmad 13201). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Mumtahanah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
May a Muslim work with or befriend a non-Muslim?
Yes, the answer says, as long as he does not fear for his religion, cooperating in righteousness and not in sin (Al-Ma'idah 5:2).
Did the Prophet do business with non-Muslims?
Yes. He died with his shield pledged with a Jew for thirty sa' of barley (Sahih al-Bukhari 2916), and he borrowed armor from Safwan ibn Umayyah (Sunan Abi Dawud 3562).
May a Muslim eat food offered by Jews or Christians?
The Prophet ate from a sheep a Jewish woman brought him (Sahih al-Bukhari 2617) and accepted a Jewish man's invitation to barley bread (Musnad Ahmad 13201).
Is a Muslim allowed to be kind to non-Muslims?
Yes. Allah does not forbid kindness and justice toward those who do not fight Muslims over religion or expel them from their homes (Al-Mumtahanah 60:8).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →