How Did the Conflict Between the Two Sons of Adam Start?
كيف بدأ النزاع بين ابني آدم عليه السلام؟
When each of them offered a sacrifice, it was accepted from one of them and not accepted from the other.
(Relate to them in truth ˹O Prophet˺ the story of Adam’s two sons, how each offered a sacrifice: one’s offering was accepted while the other’s was not, so he threatened ˹his brother˺, “I will kill you!” His brother replied, “Allah only accepts ˹the offering˺ of the sincerely devout.”) [Al-Ma'idah 5:27]
عندما قدم كل منهما قربانا فتقبل من أحدهما ولم يتقبل من الآخر.
(وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ بِالْحَقِّ إِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ قَالَ لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ ۖ قَالَ إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ) [المائدة 5: 27]
1. Envy Over an Accepted Offering | الحسد على قبول القربان
Ibn Kathir sets out the reports on the cause of the offering. Some, among them a report from Ibn Abbas whose chain he calls good, say it concerned which brother would marry a sister. He then cites a report implying that the offering had no such cause and was not a dispute over a woman, and says that this is the apparent meaning of the Quran: the context shows that he grew angry and envious only because his brother’s offering was accepted and his own was not. The best-known view of the majority is that Habil offered a sheep and Qabil food, and that Habil’s sheep was accepted; Ibn Abbas and others said it was the ram with which the son of Ibrahim was ransomed, and Allah says: And We ransomed his son with a great sacrifice (37:107). On the words Allah only accepts from the righteous, Ibn Kathir explains: from those who feared Allah in that deed.
وَفَدَيْنَاهُ بِذِبْحٍ عَظِيمٍ (سورة الصافات: 107)
ذكر ابن كثير في سبب القربان روايات، منها ما رواه ابن أبي حاتم عن ابن عباس بإسناد قال عنه: إسناد جيد، أنه كان في أمر الزواج بأخت أحدهما، ثم ذكر أثرا يقتضي أن تقريب القربان كان لا عن سبب ولا عن تدارئ في امرأة، وقال: وهو ظاهر القرآن، فالسياق يقتضي أنه إنما غضب عليه وحسده لقبول قربانه دونه، ثم قال: المشهور عند الجمهور أن الذي قرب الشاة هو هابيل، وأن الذي قرب الطعام هو قابيل، وأنه تقبل من هابيل شاته، حتى قال ابن عباس وغيره: إنه الكبش الذي فدي به الذبيح، قال تعالى: (وفديناه بذبح عظيم) (الصافات 37: 107)، وقال ابن كثير في معنى قوله: (إنما يتقبل الله من المتقين) (المائدة 5: 27): أي: ممن اتقى الله في فعله ذلك.
2. I Will Not Raise My Hand to Kill You | ما أنا بباسط يدي إليك
His brother said: If you raise your hand to kill me, I will not raise mine to kill you, because I fear Allah, the Lord of all worlds (5:28). Ibn Kathir explains: I will not repay your evil deed with its like, so that you and I would be equal in the sin; I fear Allah lest I do what you intend to do; rather, I will be patient and seek His reward. Abu Bakrah said: I heard the Messenger of Allah say: When two Muslims meet each other with their swords, both the killer and the one killed are in the Fire. I said: O Messenger of Allah, this is the killer, but what about the one killed? He said: He was eager to kill his companion (Sahih al-Bukhari 31, Sahih Muslim 2888). Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas reported that the Messenger of Allah said: There will be a tribulation in which the one sitting is better than the one standing, the one standing better than the one walking, and the one walking better than the one running. Sa’d asked: What if a man entered my house and stretched out his hand to kill me? He said: Be like the son of Adam (Jami at-Tirmidhi 2194, which at-Tirmidhi graded hasan).
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَيَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِي مَا أَنَا بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِيَ إِلَيْكَ لِأَقْتُلَكَ ۖ إِنِّي أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَالَمِينَ (سورة المائدة: 28)
قال تعالى: (لئن بسطت إلي يدك لتقتلني ما أنا بباسط يدي إليك لأقتلك إني أخاف الله رب العالمين) (المائدة 5: 28)، قال ابن كثير: أي: لا أقابلك على صنيعك الفاسد بمثله، فأكون أنا وأنت سواء في الخطيئة، وقال في قوله: (إني أخاف الله رب العالمين) (المائدة 5: 28): أي: من أن أصنع كما تريد أن تصنع، بل أصبر وأحتسب، وعن أبي بكرة رضي الله عنه قال: سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول: "إذا التقى المسلمان بسيفيهما فالقاتل والمقتول في النار"، فقلت: يا رسول الله، هذا القاتل فما بال المقتول؟ قال: "إنه كان حريصا على قتل صاحبه" (صحيح البخاري 31، صحيح مسلم 2888)، وعن سعد بن أبي وقاص رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "إنها ستكون فتنة القاعد فيها خير من القائم، والقائم خير من الماشي، والماشي خير من الساعي"، قال: أفرأيت إن دخل علي بيتي وبسط يده إلي ليقتلني؟ قال: "كن كابن آدم" (جامع الترمذي 2194، وقال: حديث حسن).
3. My Sin and Your Sin | إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك
He went on: I want to let you bear your sin against me along with your other sins, then you will be one of those destined to the Fire. And that is the reward of the wrongdoers (5:29). Ibn Kathir reports from Ibn Abbas, Mujahid, ad-Dahhak, Qatadah and as-Suddi: the sin of killing me, and your sin that was upon you before that. He notes that the saying many people repeat, that the killer leaves no sin on the one killed, is a hadith with no basis; yet in effect this often happens, because the one killed will claim his right from the killer on the Day of Judgment and take from his good deeds as much as he was wronged, and if they run out, sins of the one killed are cast upon the killer. The Prophet described this in the hadith of the bankrupt, who comes on the Day of Resurrection with prayer, fasting and zakah, having insulted, slandered, consumed the wealth of others, shed blood and struck others, so they are given from his good deeds, and when they run out their sins are cast upon him (Sahih Muslim 2581). Ibn Abbas said: he warned him of the Fire, but he did not stop or hold back.
إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّارِ ۚ وَذَٰلِكَ جَزَاءُ الظَّالِمِينَ (سورة المائدة: 29)
قال تعالى: (إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك فتكون من أصحاب النار وذلك جزاء الظالمين) (المائدة 5: 29)، قال ابن عباس ومجاهد والضحاك وقتادة والسدي: أي: بإثم قتلي وإثمك الذي عليك قبل ذلك، ونبه ابن كثير على أن ما يذكره كثير من الناس من أن القاتل لا يترك على المقتول ذنبا حديث لا أصل له، ثم قال: ولكن قد يتفق هذا في بعض الأشخاص، وهو الغالب، فإن المقتول يطالب القاتل في العرصات فيؤخذ له من حسناته بقدر مظلمته، فإن نفدت ولم يستوف حقه أخذ من سيئات المقتول فطرحت على القاتل، وقد صح الحديث بذلك في المظالم كلها، والقتل من أعظمها وأشدها، ومنه ما رواه أبو هريرة رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "إن المفلس من أمتي يأتي يوم القيامة بصلاة وصيام وزكاة، ويأتي قد شتم هذا، وقذف هذا، وأكل مال هذا، وسفك دم هذا، وضرب هذا، فيعطى هذا من حسناته وهذا من حسناته، فإن فنيت حسناته قبل أن يقضى ما عليه أخذ من خطاياهم فطرحت عليه، ثم طرح في النار" (صحيح مسلم 2581)، وقال ابن عباس: خوفه النار فلم ينته ولم ينزجر.
4. He Became One of the Losers | فأصبح من الخاسرين
Still, the other convinced himself to kill his own brother, so he killed him, becoming a loser (5:30). Ibn Kathir explains that his soul made the killing of his brother seem fair to him, tempted him and emboldened him, after that admonition and warning, so he killed him; he lost in this world and the Hereafter, and what loss is greater than that? Abdullah ibn Mas’ud reported that the Messenger of Allah said: No soul is killed unjustly but the first son of Adam bears a share of its blood, because he was the first to establish killing (Sahih al-Bukhari 3335). What happened after the killing is explained in how the brother knew how to bury his brother.
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ (سورة المائدة: 30)
قال تعالى: (فطوعت له نفسه قتل أخيه فقتله فأصبح من الخاسرين) (المائدة 5: 30)، قال ابن كثير: أي: فحسنت وسولت له نفسه، وشجعته على قتل أخيه فقتله، أي: بعد هذه الموعظة وهذا الزجر، وقال في قوله: (فأصبح من الخاسرين) (المائدة 5: 30): أي: في الدنيا والآخرة، وأي خسارة أعظم من هذه؟ وعن عبد الله بن مسعود رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: "لا تقتل نفس ظلما إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول كفل من دمها، لأنه أول من سن القتل" (صحيح البخاري 3335).
Scholarly Insight: Ibn Kathir explains that the context of 5:27 shows the rejected brother grew angry and envious only because his brother’s offering was accepted, and that Allah accepts from those who feared Him in that deed. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Ma’idah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
How did the conflict between the two sons of Adam start?
Each of them offered a sacrifice; it was accepted from one and not from the other, and the rejected brother threatened to kill him (5:27).
Why did he want to kill his brother?
Ibn Kathir explains that the context shows he grew angry and envious only because his brother’s offering was accepted and his own was not.
What does Allah only accepts from the righteous mean?
Ibn Kathir explains: Allah accepts from those who feared Him in that deed.
How did the righteous brother answer the threat?
He said he would not raise his hand to kill him, because he feared Allah, the Lord of all worlds (5:28). The Prophet told Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas, about a time of tribulation: Be like the son of Adam (Jami at-Tirmidhi 2194).
Who bears a share of every unjust killing?
The first son of Adam, because he was the first to establish killing (Sahih al-Bukhari 3335).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →