Why Did the Prophet (PBUH) Emigrate to Medina, and How Did the Night of the Hijrah Unfold?
من المعلوم أن النبي ﷺ غادر مكة مهاجرًا منها إلى المدينة. ما سبب هجرته؟ وكيف جرت أحداث ذلك اليوم وتلك الليلة؟
The disbelievers of Makkah saw that the companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had migrated to Medina, and this sounded the alarm for them!! The reason for this is:
a. On the journey of the people of Mecca to the Levant, they would have to pass through Medina, and it, therefore, is a center near which caravans pass, and the enmity between them and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his companions puts their economic center in grave danger. It made them rethink how to fend off this danger.
b. They also saw the presence of the honorable companions in Medina (then called Yathrib) as a safe haven that threatened to establish an entity on which the da’wa was based, thus threatening the leadership of the Quraysh.
2. For these reasons, Quraysh made the decision to overthrow the leader of this new religion by killing Muhammad, peace be upon him.
3. The infidels gathered in Dar al-Nadwa, and Satan attended that meeting in the form of a great sheikh from the people of Najd, and he endorsed the proposal to take a man from each tribe so that they all kill the Prophet (Peace be upon him) in one blow and his blood would then be dispersed among the tribes. This way, it would be hard for Banu Abd Manaf to seek revenge from all the tribes.
Note: The earlier published wording said that the elder from Najd proposed taking a man from every tribe, and that Quraysh would be unable to seek revenge for him. In Ibn Ishaq’s account, quoted by Ibn Kathir in al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, Abu Jahl proposed the plan and the elder from Najd approved it (“The right view is what this man said”), and Abu Jahl said that once his blood was spread among all the tribes, “Banu Abd Manaf will not be able to fight all their people”: those who would seek revenge were his own clan, Banu Abd Manaf, not Quraysh. Both points were corrected.
4. The course of events was as follows:
a. After making the brutal decision to kill the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), Angel Jibril peace be upon him descended and informed the Prophet about Quraysh’s scheme of killing him. Jibril also conveyed to him Allah’s permission to migrate and the time that was set for his departure saying: ‘Do not lie tonight on your bed.’
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) went to Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) to conclude the stages of migration with him.
( Narrated/Authority of Aisha
(When the permission for migration to Madina was granted, all of a sudden the Prophet (saw) came to us at noon, and Abu Bakr was informed, who said, “Certainly the Prophet has come for some urgent matter.” The Prophet (saw) said to Abu Bakr, when the latter entered “Let nobody stay in your home.” Abu Bakr said, “O Allah’s Apostle! (saw) There are only my two daughters (namely Aisha and Asma) present.” The Prophet (saw) said, ” I have been granted permission for migration.” Abu Bakr said, “I will accompany you, O Allah’s Apostle! (saw)” The Prophet (saw) said, “You will accompany me.” Abu Bakr then said “O Allah’s Apostle! (saw) I have two she-camels I have prepared specially for migration, so I offer you one of them. The Prophet (saw) said, “I have accepted it on the condition that I will pay its price.”) After the completion of the migration plan, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) returned to his house, waiting for the night to come.
b When it was dark at night, the disbelievers of Quraysh gathered at the door of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) waiting for him to sleep, so they can all attack him at the same time and kill him.
c. The disbelievers of Quraysh were confident and certain of the success of this lowly conspiracy, until Abu Jahl stood up in vanity, and said addressing his companions in ridicule and mockery: “Muhammad claims that if you followed him, you would be the kings of the Arabs and the non-Arabs, and then you will be resurrected after your death. You will get paradise like the paradise of Jordan, and if you did not do you would be slaughtered then resurrected after your death, and there is a fire in which you will burn…”
The time to execute the conspiracy was after midnight, so they stayed awake and waited for the right time, but Allah’s command prevailed, in His hand is the kingdom of heaven and earth, He does what He Wills :
( And ˹remember, O Prophet,˺ when the disbelievers conspired to capture, kill, or exile you. They planned, but Allah also planned. And Allah is the best of planners.)
Although the Quraysh were well prepared to carry out their plan, they failed tremendously. At this critical hour, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to Ali bin Abi Talib to sleep in his bed and cover himself with his green mantle and assured him of full security under Allah’s protection, and told him of that no harm would come to him”.
B The Prophet (Peace be upon him) then came out of the room and cast a handful of dust at the assassins’ heads and Allah blinded them and he managed to work his way through them while reciting verses of the Noble Qur’an: ( and have placed a barrier before them and a barrier behind them and covered them ˹all˺ up, so they fail to see ˹the truth˺.)
He put dirt on each man’s head and went to Abu Bakr’s house, and they went out through a small back door (khawkhah) in Abu Bakr’s house at night until they reached the cave of Thawr in the direction of Yemen
D. The besiegers waited for the hour of their entry on that sleeper to kill him, and before it came, a man who was not with them came to them, and saw them at his door and said: “What are you waiting for? They said: Muhammad. He said: You have failed and lost; by Allah, he passed by you, threw dust on your heads, and went on his way. They said: By Allah, we did not see him, and they rose up shaking off the dust from their heads
L. They looked at the door and saw Ali, and they said, “By Allah, this is Muhammad who is sleeping, this is his cover and they stayed vigilant not moving till dawn came.” Ali got up from the bed, and they were dismayed. They asked him about the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and he said: “I have no knowledge.” Thus, their plan failed and Allah thwarted their quest, because the matter is as Allah says:
( Allah’s Will always prevails.)
رأى كفار مكة أن أصحاب النبي ﷺ قد هاجروا إلى المدينة، فدق ذلك عندهم ناقوس الخطر!! وسبب ذلك
أ. أن المدينة في طريق رحلة أهل مكة إلى الشام، فهي إذن تمثل مركزًا تمر القوافل قريبًا منه، وما بينهم وبين الرسول ﷺ وأصحابه من العداوة يجعل مركزهم الاقتصادي في خطر شديد. جعلهم يعيدون التفكير في كيفية مدافعة هذا الخطر عليهم.
ب. أيضًا رأوا أن وجود الصحابة الكرام في المدينة (وكانت تسمى يثرب حينئذ) يعني وجود ملاذ آمن يهدد بقيام كيان تستند إليه الدعوة التي تهدد زعامة قريش.
. لهذه الأسباب اتخذت قريش قرارًا بإسقاط لواء الدين الجديد عن طريق قتل محمدﷺ
3. اجتمع الكفار في دار الندوة، وحضر في ذلك الاجتماع إبليس في صورة شيخ كبير من أهل نجد، فأيّد اقتراحهم بأن يأخذوا من كل قبيلة رجلاً ليقتلوه بضربة واحدة فيتفرق دمه بين القبائل فلا تطلب بنو عبد مناف ثأر ابنهم من قاتل معين.
ملاحظة: جاء في النص المنشور سابقا: (فأشار عليهم بأن يأخذوا من كل قبيلة رجلا ... فلا تطلب قريش ثأر ابنها)، والذي في رواية ابن إسحاق التي نقلها ابن كثير في البداية والنهاية أن أبا جهل هو الذي قال: (أرى أن نأخذ من كل قبيلة فتى شابا جليدا)، فقال الشيخ النجدي: (القول ما قال الرجل)، وأن أبا جهل قال: (فإنهم إذا فعلوا ذلك تفرق دمه في القبائل جميعها، فلم يقدر بنو عبد مناف على حرب قومهم جميعا)، فالذين يطلبون ثأره قومه بنو عبد مناف لا قريش، فصُحح الموضعان.
. سير الأحداث كان على النحو التالي
أ. بعد اتخاذ القرار الغاشم بقتل النبي ﷺ نزل إليه جبريل بوحي ربه تبارك وتعالى، فأخبره بمؤامرة قريش، وأن الله قد أذن له في الخروج، وحدد له وقت الهجرة قائلا: لا تبت هذه الليلة على فراشك الذي كنت تبيت عليه.
ب. ذهب النبي ﷺ في الهاجرة إلى أبي بكر رضي الله عنه، ليبرم معه مراحل الهجرة، قالت عائشة رضي الله عنها: ” …فَبيْنَا نَحْنُ يَوْمًا جُلُوسٌ في بَيْتِنَا في نَحْرِ الظَّهِيرَةِ، فَقالَ قَائِلٌ لأبِي بَكْرٍ: هذا رَسولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مُقْبِلًا مُتَقَنِّعًا. في سَاعَةٍ لَمْ يَكُنْ يَأْتِينَا فِيهَا، قالَ أبو بَكْرٍ: فِدًا لكَ أبِي وأُمِّي، واللَّهِ إنْ جَاءَ به في هذِه السَّاعَةِ إلَّا لِأمْرٍ، فَجَاءَ النَّبيُّ ﷺ فَاسْتَأْذَنَ، فأَذِنَ له فَدَخَلَ، فَقالَ حِينَ دَخَلَ لأبِي بَكْرٍ: أخْرِجْ مَن عِنْدَكَ، قالَ: إنَّما هُمْ أهْلُكَ بأَبِي أنْتَ يا رَسولَ اللَّهِ. قالَ: فإنِّي قدْ أُذِنَ لي في الخُرُوجِ، قالَ: فَالصُّحْبَةُ بأَبِي أنْتَ وأُمِّي يا رَسولَ اللَّهِ؟ قالَ: نَعَمْ. قالَ: فَخُذْ -بأَبِي أنْتَ يا رَسولَ اللَّهِ- إحْدَى رَاحِلَتَيَّ هَاتَيْنِ، قالَ النَّبيُّ ﷺ: بالثَّمَنِ….” وبعد إبرام خطة الهجرة رجع رسول الله ﷺ إلى بيته، ينتظر مجيء الليل.
ت. لما كانت عتمة الليل اجتمع كفار قريش على باب النبي ﷺ يرصدونه متى نام، فيثبون عليه وثبة رجل واحد ليقتلوه.
ث. كان كفار قريش على ثقة ويقين جازم من نجاح هذه المؤامرة الدنية، حتى وقف أبو جهل وقفة الزهو والخيلاء، وقال مخاطبا لأصحابه المطوفين في سخرية واستهزاء: “إن محمدا يزعم أنكم إن تابعتموه على أمره كنتم ملوك العرب والعجم، ثم بعثتم من بعد موتكم، فجعلت لكم جنان كجنان الأردن، وإن لم تفعلوا كان له فيكم ذبح، ثم بعثتم من بعد موتكم، ثم جعلت لكم نارا تحرقون فيها…”
ج. كان ميعاد تنفيذ تلك المؤامرة بعد منتصف الليل، فباتوا متيقظين ينتظرون ساعة الصفر، ولكن الله غالب على أمره، بيده ملكوت السماوات والأرض، يفعل ما يشاء، وهو يجير ولا يجار عليه، فقد فعل ما خاطب به الرسول ﷺ فيما بعد: “وَإِذْ يَمْكُرُ بِكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِيُثْبِتُوكَ أَوْ يَقْتُلُوكَ أَوْ يُخْرِجُوكَ، وَيَمْكُرُونَ وَيَمْكُرُ اللَّهُ، وَاللَّهُ خَيْرُ الْماكِرِينَ”.
ح. ومع غاية استعداد قريش لتنفيذ خطتهم فقد فشلوا فشلا فاحشا. ففي هذه الساعة الحرجة قال رسول الله ﷺ لعلي بن أبي طالب: «نم على فراشي، وتسج ببردي هذا الحضرمي الأخضر، فنم فيه، فإنه لن يخلص إليك شيء تكرهه منهم» وكان رسول الله ﷺ ينام في برده ذلك إذا نام.
خ. ثم خرج رسول الله ﷺ، واخترق صفوفهم، وأخذ حفنة من البطحاء فجعل يذره على رؤوسهم، وقد أخذ الله أبصارهم عنه فلا يرونه، وهو يتلو: “وَجَعَلْنا مِنْ بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ سَدًّا وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ سَدًّا فَأَغْشَيْناهُمْ فَهُمْ لا يُبْصِرُونَ”.
لم يبق منهم رجل إلا وقد وضع على رأسه ترابا، ومضى إلى بيت أبي بكر، فخرجا من خوخة في دار أبي بكر ليلا حتى لحقا بغار ثور في اتجاه اليمن.
أ. بقي المحاصرون ينتظرون حلول ساعة دخولهم على ذلك النائم لقتله، وقبيل حلولها جاءهم رجل ممن لم يكن معهم، ورآهم ببابه فقال: “ما تنتظرون؟ قالوا: محمدا. قال: خبتم وخسرتم، قد والله مر بكم، وذر على رؤوسكم التراب، وانطلق لحاجته، قالوا: والله ما أبصرناه، وقاموا ينفضون التراب عن رؤوسهم
ب. اطلعوا من صير الباب فرأوا عليًّا، فقالوا: والله إن هذا لمحمد نائمًا، عليه برده، فلم يبرحوا كذلك حتى أصبحوا. وقام عليّ عن الفراش، فسقط في أيديهم، وسألوه عن رسول الله ﷺ فقال:” لا علم لي به”…وهكذا فشلت خطتهم وخيب الله سعيهم لأن الشأن كما قال الله تعالى: ” وَاللَّهُ غَالِبٌ عَلَى أَمْرِهِ “
1. The Conspiracy in Dar an-Nadwah | مؤامرة دار الندوة والقرار الغادر بالاغتيال
The scholar's answer explains why Quraysh were alarmed: Medina lay on their trade route to Syria, and a safe refuge there threatened their leadership. Ibn Ishaq reports, as Ibn Kathir quotes him, that they met in Dar al-Nadwah and agreed on Abu Jahl's plan: to take a strong young man from every clan, give each a sword, and have them strike him together, so that his blood would be spread among all the tribes and Banu Abd Manaf could not fight all their people. Allah refers to this plot: "And ˹remember, O Prophet,˺ when the disbelievers conspired to capture, kill, or exile you" (8:30).
وَإِذْ يَمْكُرُ بِكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِيُثْبِتُوكَ أَوْ يَقْتُلُوكَ أَوْ يُخْرِجُوكَ (سورة الأنفال: 30)
يبين الشيخ سبب فزع قريش: فالمدينة على طريق تجارتهم إلى الشام، ووجود ملاذ آمن للمسلمين فيها يهدد زعامتهم. وروى ابن إسحاق، كما نقل ابن كثير، أنهم اجتمعوا في دار الندوة فأخذوا برأي أبي جهل: أن يأخذوا من كل قبيلة فتى شابا جليدا ويعطوا كل فتى سيفا صارما فيضربوه ضربة رجل واحد، فيتفرق دمه في القبائل جميعها فلم يقدر بنو عبد مناف على حرب قومهم جميعا. وإلى ذلك يشير قوله تعالى: (وَإِذْ يَمْكُرُ بِكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِيُثْبِتُوكَ أَوْ يَقْتُلُوكَ أَوْ يُخْرِجُوكَ).
2. The Sacrifice of Ali ibn Abi Talib | فدائية علي بن أبي طالب ورد الودائع والأمانات
Ibn Ishaq reports that Jibril came to the Prophet ﷺ and said: "Do not spend this night in the bed you usually sleep in." The Prophet told Ali to sleep in his bed covered with his green Hadrami cloak, assuring him that nothing he disliked would reach him, and Ali stayed behind in Mecca to return the deposits people had left with the Prophet ﷺ.
روى ابن إسحاق أن جبريل أتى النبي ﷺ فقال: لا تبت هذه الليلة على فراشك الذي كنت تبيت عليه، فقال النبي ﷺ لعلي: «نم على فراشي، وتسج ببردي هذا الحضرمي الأخضر فنم فيه، فإنه لن يخلص إليك شيء تكرهه منهم»، وتخلف علي بمكة حتى أدى عنه الودائع التي كانت عنده للناس.
3. The Miraculous Departure Reciting Surah Ya-Seen | الخروج المعجز وتلاوة آيات سورة يس
In Ibn Ishaq's account, quoted by Ibn Kathir, the Prophet came out through their ranks, took a handful of dust and scattered it on their heads, and Allah took their sight from him so that they did not see him, while he recited: "and have placed a barrier before them and a barrier behind them and covered them ˹all˺ up, so they fail to see" (36:9). He went to Abu Bakr's house, and the two left at night through a small back door, as the scholar's answer relates.
وَجَعَلْنَا مِن بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ سَدًّا وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ سَدًّا فَأَغْشَيْنَاهُمْ فَهُمْ لَا يُبْصِرُونَ (سورة يس: 9)
وفي رواية ابن إسحاق التي نقلها ابن كثير: خرج النبي ﷺ فاخترق صفوفهم وأخذ حفنة من البطحاء فجعل يذرها على رؤوسهم، وقد أخذ الله أبصارهم عنه فلا يرونه، وهو يتلو: (وَجَعَلْنَا مِن بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ سَدًّا وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ سَدًّا فَأَغْشَيْنَاهُمْ فَهُمْ لَا يُبْصِرُونَ)، ثم مضى إلى بيت أبي بكر فخرجا من خوخة في داره ليلا، كما في جواب الشيخ.
4. Three Nights of Sanctuary in Cave Thawr | الاعتصام في غار ثور واليقين بمعية الله
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) reports that they hid in the cave of Thawr for three nights. Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), a sharp young man, spent the nights with them and left before dawn, so that by morning he was among Quraysh in Mecca, taking in every plot against them, and he brought them the news at nightfall; Amir ibn Fuhayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), Abu Bakr's freedman, grazed a flock near them and brought it to them each evening for its milk (Sahih al-Bukhari 3905). In the cave the Prophet ﷺ reassured his companion: "Do not worry; Allah is certainly with us" (9:40).
إِذْ يَقُولُ لِصَاحِبِهِ لَا تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ مَعَنَا (سورة التوبة: 40)
روت عائشة أنهما لحقا بغار في جبل ثور فكمنا فيه ثلاث ليال، يبيت عندهما عبد الله بن أبي بكر، وهو غلام شاب ثقف لقن، فيدلج من عندهما بسحر فيصبح مع قريش بمكة كبائت، فلا يسمع أمرا يكتادان به إلا وعاه حتى يأتيهما بخبر ذلك حين يختلط الظلام، ويرعى عليهما عامر بن فهيرة مولى أبي بكر منحة من غنم فيريحها عليهما (صحيح البخاري 3905). وفي الغار قال النبي ﷺ لصاحبه: (لَا تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ مَعَنَا).
Scholarly Insight: Aisha records a further detail of the Hijrah arrangements (Sahih al-Bukhari 2264): “The Messenger of Allah and Abu Bakr hired a man from Banu al-Dil, an expert guide who followed the religion of the disbelievers of Quraysh. They handed him their two mounts and arranged for him to meet them at Cave Thawr with the mounts after three nights, on the morning following those three nights.” See the reasons for migration to Medina. Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Anfal.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
What was the assassination plot devised by Quraysh in Dar an-Nadwah?
To take a young man from every clan to strike him at once, so that his blood would be spread among all the tribes (Ibn Ishaq, quoted by Ibn Kathir).
Why did Ali ibn Abi Talib sleep in the Prophet's bed on the night of migration?
The Prophet told him to sleep in his bed in his cloak, and Ali stayed in Mecca to return the deposits people had left with the Prophet ﷺ (Ibn Ishaq).
Which Quranic verse did the Prophet recite as he left his house unnoticed?
In Ibn Ishaq's account he recited Surah Ya-Sin (36:9): ‘and have placed a barrier before them and a barrier behind them and covered them ˹all˺ up, so they fail to see.’
How long did the Prophet and Abu Bakr stay inside Cave Thawr?
Three nights (Sahih al-Bukhari 3905).
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →