Which Sins Did Allah Command Us to Expiate by Feeding?
هناك كثير من الذنوب طلب الله من الإنسان أن يكفر عنها بالإطعام. كيف يكون ذلك؟ وما هي تلك الذنوب؟
The answer names the sins expiated by feeding: a broken oath, a vow, and the ila' oath, where feeding ten poor people is one of three choices before fasting (Al-Ma'idah 5:89); and zihar and intercourse during a Ramadan fast, where feeding sixty poor people comes only after inability to free a believing slave or to fast two consecutive months.
Sins that Allah Almighty has informed man to expiate for by means of food
1. Broken Oaths and Vows
The expiation for a broken oath, a broken vow, or an oath of abstention (Ilaa) is to feed ten needy people from the average of what you feed your own family, or to clothe them. In this case, one has a choice between feeding, clothing, or freeing a bondsman.
2. Violating the Fast of Ramadan
Zihar, and one who spoils his fast by intercourse during the day in Ramadan: feeding sixty poor people, in sequence, after being unable to free a believing slave or to fast two consecutive months.
The Quranic Command
Allah says: (Allah will not call you to account for your thoughtless oaths, but He will hold you accountable for deliberate oaths. Its expiation is feeding ten poor people from the average of what you feed your own families) Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:89.
This verse establishes the foundational rule: one has a choice of three things to do in order to expiate, and when he cannot afford or find any of them, only then does he transition to fasting.
ذنوب طلب الله من الإنسان أن يكفر عنها بالإطعام
يذكر الجواب الذنوب التي يكفر عنها بالإطعام: اليمين والنذر والإيلاء، والإطعام فيها أحد ثلاثة أمور على التخيير قبل الصيام (المائدة 5:89)، والظهار والجماع في نهار رمضان، والإطعام فيهما لستين مسكينا بعد العجز عن تحرير رقبة مؤمنة وعن صيام شهرين متتابعين.
كفارات اليمين والنذر والإيلاء
كفارات اليمين والنذر والإيلاء: إطعام عشرة مساكين من أوسط ما يطعم الرجل أهله أو كسوتهم. والكفارة هنا على التخيير بين هذه الأمور.
إفساد صوم رمضان والظهار
الظهار ومن أفسد صومه بجماع في نهار رمضان: إطعام ستين مسكينا على الترتيب، وذلك بعد العجز عن تحرير رقبة مؤمنة أو صيام شهرين متتابعين.
الأمر القرآني
قال الله تعالى: (لَا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا عَقَّدتُّمُ الْأَيْمَانَ ۖ فَكَفَّارَتُهُ إِطْعَامُ عَشَرَةِ مَسَاكِينَ مِنْ أَوْسَطِ مَا تُطْعِمُونَ أَهْلِيكُمْ) المائدة 5: 89.
والكفارة هنا كما تقدم على التخيير بين الثلاثة أمور، فإن لم يجد أو لم يستطع، انتقل حينها إلى الصيام.
1. The Expiation of a Vow Is That of an Oath | كفارة النذر كفارة اليمين
The Prophet said: The expiation of a vow is the expiation of an oath (Sahih Muslim 1645). This is why the answer joins the vow with the oath: feeding ten poor people, clothing them, or freeing a slave, with fasting three days only for one who cannot.
قال النبي ﷺ: "كفارة النذر كفارة اليمين" (صحيح مسلم 1645). ولهذا جمع الجواب بين النذر واليمين: إطعام عشرة مساكين أو كسوتهم أو تحرير رقبة، والصيام لمن لم يجد.
2. The Man Who Had Intercourse in Ramadan | المجامع في نهار رمضان
A man came to the Prophet and said: I am ruined; I had intercourse with my wife while fasting. The Prophet asked: Can you find a slave to free? He said no. Can you fast two consecutive months? He said no. Can you find food for sixty poor people? He said no. Then a basket of dates was brought, and the Prophet told him to give it in charity; when the man said there was no family poorer than his, the Prophet laughed and said: Feed it to your family (Sahih al-Bukhari 1936).
جاء رجل إلى النبي ﷺ فقال: "يا رسول الله هلكت"، قال: "ما لك"، قال: "وقعت على امرأتي وأنا صائم"، فقال: "هل تجد رقبة تعتقها" قال: لا، قال: "فهل تستطيع أن تصوم شهرين متتابعين" قال: لا، فقال: "فهل تجد إطعام ستين مسكينا" قال: لا، ثم أتي النبي ﷺ بعرق فيها تمر فقال: "خذها فتصدق به"، فلما ذكر أنه لا أهل بيت أفقر منه ضحك النبي ﷺ ثم قال: "أطعمه أهلك" (صحيح البخاري 1936).
3. Zihar: Feeding Sixty After Fasting | الظهار: الإطعام بعد الصيام
In zihar, Allah prescribes freeing a slave before the couple touch each other; whoever cannot find one fasts two consecutive months, and whoever is unable feeds sixty poor people (Al-Mujadilah 58:3-4). This is the order the answer gives: feeding comes only after inability to free a slave and to fast.
فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ مِن قَبْلِ أَن يَتَمَاسَّا ۖ فَمَن لَّمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَإِطْعَامُ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا (سورة المجادلة: 4)
شرع الله في الظهار تحرير رقبة من قبل أن يتماسا، فمن لم يجد فصيام شهرين متتابعين، فمن لم يستطع فإطعام ستين مسكينا (المجادلة 58:3-4). وهذا هو الترتيب الذي ذكره الجواب: لا ينتقل إلى الإطعام إلا بعد العجز عن العتق والصيام.
Scholarly Insight: The answer distinguishes choice from sequence. In the oath, and in the vow, whose expiation the Prophet made that of an oath (Sahih Muslim 1645), one chooses among feeding ten, clothing them, or freeing a slave, and fasts only if unable (Al-Ma'idah 5:89). In zihar and intercourse during a Ramadan fast, the order is fixed: freeing a slave, then fasting two consecutive months, then feeding sixty (Al-Mujadilah 58:3-4; Sahih al-Bukhari 1936). Read more in the tafsir of Surah Al-Mujadilah.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Which sins are expiated by feeding the poor?
The answer names the broken oath, the vow, and the ila' oath, expiated by feeding ten poor people among other choices, and zihar and intercourse during a Ramadan fast, expiated by feeding sixty after inability to free a slave or fast.
Is the expiation of a vow the same as that of an oath?
Yes. The Prophet said: the expiation of a vow is the expiation of an oath (Sahih Muslim 1645).
What is the expiation for intercourse during a Ramadan fast?
Freeing a slave; if unable, fasting two consecutive months; if unable, feeding sixty poor people, as the Prophet asked the man who came to him (Sahih al-Bukhari 1936).
Can one fast instead of feeding for a broken oath?
Fasting three days is only for one who cannot feed ten poor people, clothe them, or free a slave, as the answer states.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →