Does a Person in Debt Have to Pay Zakat?
هل على المدين زكاة؟
Does the debtor have pay zakat?
The answer rules that an immediate debt prevents zakat: a person who owns the nisab but has a debt due now that consumes the wealth or reduces it below the nisab owes no zakat on it.
Understanding how debt affects the calculation of Zakat is crucial for ensuring that this pillar of Islam is fulfilled correctly and fairly.
Debt and the Obligation of Zakat
1. Immediate Debt Prevents Zakat
An immediate debt prevents zakat: if a person owns the nisab and has a debt that consumes all of the wealth, or reduces it below the nisab, he owes no zakat when the debt is due now.
هل على المدين زكاة؟
يقرر الجواب أن الدين الحال يمنع الزكاة، فمن ملك نصابا وعليه دين حال يستغرق المال أو ينقصه عن النصاب فلا زكاة عليه فيه.
إن فهم كيفية تأثير الدين على حساب الزكاة أمر بالغ الأهمية لضمان أداء هذا الركن من أركان الإسلام بشكل صحيح وعادل.
الدين ووجوب الزكاة
1. الدين الحال يمنع الزكاة
الدين الحال يمنع الزكاة، فإذا كان الشخص يملك نصابا وعليه دين يستغرق المال كله، أو ينقص النصاب فلا زكاة عليه إذا كان الدين حالا.
1. The Schools on Debt and Zakat | المذاهب في الدين والزكاة
Most jurists, the Malikis, the Hanbalis, and the Shafi'is in one view, hold that debt does not prevent zakat on visible wealth such as grazing livestock, grains, fruits, and minerals, but does prevent it on hidden wealth: trade goods, gold, silver, and the cash that takes their place today. They require that the debt consume the wealth or reduce it below the nisab, and that the debtor has no other property, not subject to zakat, that could be set against the debt. The Hanafis let debt prevent zakat on hidden wealth and on grazing livestock, but not on what comes out of the earth.
خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِم بِهَا (سورة التوبة: 103)
ذهب جمهور العلماء من المالكية والحنابلة والشافعية في وجه إلى أن الدين لا يمنع الزكاة في الأموال الظاهرة كالأنعام السائمة والحبوب والثمار والمعادن، ويمنعها في الأموال الباطنة وهي عروض التجارة والذهب والفضة وما يقوم مقامها اليوم من النقود، بشرط أن يستغرق الدين المال أو ينقصه عن النصاب، وألا يكون عند المدين مال آخر غير زكوي يجعل في مقابل الدين. وذهب الحنفية إلى أن الدين يمنع الزكاة في الأموال الباطنة وفي السوائم، دون الخارج من الأرض.
2. The Other View | القول الآخر
Other scholars hold that debt does not prevent zakat, arguing that the Prophet sent his collectors to take zakat without ordering them to ask the owners whether they had debts. Those who hold that debt does prevent it point to the Prophet's words that the best charity is given out of surplus (Sahih al-Bukhari 1426), and to the share of zakat that Allah assigns to debtors themselves (At-Tawbah 9:60).
وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ مَاذَا يُنفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ (سورة البقرة: 219)
وذهب آخرون من أهل العلم إلى أن الدين لا يمنع وجوب الزكاة، واستدلوا بأن النبي ﷺ كان يرسل عماله لأخذ الزكاة ولا يأمرهم أن يسألوا أرباب الأموال عن ديونهم. ويستدل القائلون بالمنع بقوله ﷺ: "خير الصدقة ما كان عن ظهر غنى" (صحيح البخاري 1426)، وبأن المدين نفسه له حظ مفروض في الزكاة من سهم الغارمين (التوبة 9:60).
Scholarly Insight: In Islamic Jurisprudence ( Fiqh ), wealth must meet the condition of complete ownership and freedom from the rights of others to be subject to Zakat. An immediate debt is considered a right belonging to the creditor. Therefore, the debtor does not have full, unencumbered ownership of the wealth tied up in that debt. If deducting the immediate debt from the total savings drops the remaining balance below the Nisab (the minimum threshold), the Zakat obligation is waived in this view, provided the debtor has no other property, not subject to zakat, that could be set against the debt. Other scholars hold that debt does not prevent zakat at all, since the Prophet's collectors took zakat without asking owners about their debts.
Frequently Asked Questions | الأسئلة الشائعة
Does having any kind of debt excuse a person from paying zakat?
No. In the view this answer follows, only an immediate debt that consumes the wealth or reduces it below the nisab removes the obligation. Other scholars hold that debt does not remove zakat at all.
What is the nisab?
The nisab is the minimum amount of wealth on which zakat becomes due, once it has been owned for a full lunar year.
If my debt takes up half of my wealth, but I still have more than the nisab left over, do I pay zakat?
Yes. In this view you deduct the immediate debt from your wealth, and if the remainder still reaches the nisab, you pay zakat on that remainder.
Does debt affect zakat on crops and livestock?
Most jurists, the Malikis, the Hanbalis, and the Shafi'is in one view, do not let debt prevent zakat on visible wealth such as crops and grazing livestock, while it does prevent zakat on cash and trade goods. The Hanafis let it prevent zakat on cash, trade goods, and grazing livestock, but not on crops.
Prepared by Eng. Ghada Homad, founder of IslamFAQ, researched and written in consultation with qualified scholars, reviewed by Professor Khaled Jassem Al-Houli, Associate Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence and Islamic Politics, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Kuwait. Read more about the authors and this project →